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an idea born in unsettled times becomes

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a feat of engineering excellence the

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most complex machine ever built to bring

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humans to and from space Gallery and

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eventually construct the next stop on

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the road to space exploration we are on

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as thirty years of flight draw to a

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close its legacy is one of unsurpassed

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achievement tragedy overcome and

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the NASA space shuttle

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[Music]

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Space Shuttle Endeavor is rolling out to

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launch pad 39a at NASA's Kennedy Space

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Center in Florida

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[Music]

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in 24 missions flown over 20 years

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endeavour has logged more than 103

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million miles in space

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the last of NASA shuttles to be built

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endeavour prepares for her final flight

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sts-134 I marvel that when I when I see

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the space shell up close and personal

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behind the panels where we have Hardware

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plumbing black boxes electronic devices

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and that sort of thing the workmanship

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that I see in this is astounding and

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that points right at the people that do

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this when you integrate all that

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together it results in and what I think

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has been a marvelous program with the

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Space Shuttle well before any shuttle

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reaches the launch pad however a

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staggering amount of work is required

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the parts plans and people necessary to

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make each launch span the entire nation

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one single goal is the focus the safety

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of the orbiter and earth Queen you've

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got all these people all these folks

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that are in their 20s some of them in

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their 30s and they are no kidding in

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charge of some part of the space shuttle

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some part of the space station or some

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part of the plan and every one of those

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people absolutely believes that they are

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the one that makes the difference on

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getting those astronauts back down to

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at NASA's Michoud assembly facility in

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New Orleans production begins on the

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shuttles external fuel tank the last of

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136 produced here since 1973 each one a

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hundred and fifty four feet tall and

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twenty seven point six feet around is

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capable of handling five hundred and

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thirty-five thousand gallons of liquid

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hydrogen and oxygen enough to fill 13375

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average household bathtubs three

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versions of the external tank were

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created during the program in an effort

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to reduce the tanks overall weight and

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around the same time in Clearfield Utah

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technicians at ATK launch systems start

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work on the shuttle system solid rocket

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together these SRBs produced nearly 6

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million pounds of thrust about 83% of a

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thrust needed to push the orbiter into

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space the remaining 17% is furnished by

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the shuttles three main engines fueled

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by the external tank

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unlike the orange external tank that is

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used only once the Boosters detached

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themselves and parachute into the

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Atlantic Ocean

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they are then retrieved refurbished and

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the shuttle missions crew is assigned

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folks on there that are like my brothers

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and sisters I mean we really do get

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close after a year training for a flight

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and having flown in space together and

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there's a special bond that comes with

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that right up until launch a shuttle

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crew will train in a variety of critical

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regimens some basic others specific to

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their mission simulators

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safety and contingency science

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experiments and underwater in the

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world's largest indoor pool sts-134

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astronauts floating in actual spacesuits

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trained to work during extra vehicular

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the neutral buoyancy lab or NBL at

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NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston

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is the best simulation of microgravity

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on earth an ideal for practicing

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spacewalks one of the most amazing

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facilities that we work in is the NBL

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the neutral buoyancy lab and the divers

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and the guys who run helped us run the

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robotic arm are all there to ensure that

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our spacewalks are flawless their

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efforts in that pool have helped us and

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made us able to have this program every

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step of a spacewalk every step of EPA is

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so critical and even though we see it

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every day

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that's what not one little safety tether

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could be life or death for every hour

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that they spend in orbit they'll spend

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five to six hours training for that same

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task so we've built up from the suit

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engineers and suit technicians who help

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them get into the suit now we've got

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trainers who help them learn how to use

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the suit and learn how to understand the

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suit and then we've got divers who

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support them whether in the pool the

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closer they get to actually flying in

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the suit the team of people who help

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them tends to grow maybe not

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exponentially but it's certainly getting

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bigger

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a 12-person crews kept a week-long vigil

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while the barge carrying with ET made

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the 900 mile trek from Louisiana to

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Florida's Central East Coast the iconic

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orange external tank finally arrives at

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the Kennedy Space Center one month later

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the et is mated to the solid rocket

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boosters to form the backbone of the

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stack now all that's missing is the

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spacecraft itself when an orbiter

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returns from a mission processing for

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the next flight begins almost

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immediately it's a task requiring no

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less than 650,000 hours of labor this

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includes the removal of its three liquid

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fuel engine and their replacement by

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three from the previous mission

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[Music]

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they've been refurbished inspected and

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tested at the Stennis Space Center but

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most of its flight preparations complete

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endeavour is towed in what is called the

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roll over a short rolled over a quarter

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mile distance on a thirty six wheeled

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vehicle from the orbiter processing

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facility the old pf2 the VAB here it

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the rollout looking now much like it

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will at liftoff the space shuttle is

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carried to the launch pad atop the six

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million pound crawler-transporter at a

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blazing pace of less than a mile amount

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not exactly

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warp speed at our peak carrying full

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load we get a right around 38 feet per

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gallon not too bad for an original 1965

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hybrid vehicle with low miles the 3.4

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mile journey takes up to six hours just

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enough time to appreciate the roots

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picturesque surroundings Kennedy Space

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Center is situated on a National

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Wildlife Refuge

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[Music]

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bald eagles osprey and vultures are just

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a few of the scores of bird species

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both land and sea are home to a wide

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variety of creatures including manatees

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dolphins and of course the ever-present

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alligator visitors are always urged to

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watch their step now on the launch pad

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the orbiter is ready to take on its main

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pay load testing assures that the multi

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ton cargo is secure and safely stowed in

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the payload Bay before the technicians

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certified the orbiter is ready for

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flying t-38 aircraft from Ellington

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field and Houston the crew members

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arrive at Kennedy's Shuttle Landing

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but finally the day comes when you're

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there and you're getting ready to launch

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and you're going to launch countdown and

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it's like going up the hill on that

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rollercoaster this is full of

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expectation and you're both thrilled and

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terrified at the same time because

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anything could go wrong but when it goes

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right it's a thing of beauty if there

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are no issues or concerns technicians

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begin fueling the external tank with

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volatile liquid hydrogen and oxygen the

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predominant emotion is pride there's a

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tremendous sense of pride in all that

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that not only that you do but that your

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teammates do that people in this this

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very firing room do and folks all across

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the country this is shuttle launch

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control t-minus nine minutes at the

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t-minus nine minute plate the launch

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director leads one finally we finally

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come out of the hold at t-minus nine

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minutes

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I sit back and watch my data but I know

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that there are souls on board that's

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chef Anne whose lives are depending on

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the launch team to make the right

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decisions because I don't think about

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that consciously

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the decision-maker launched authority

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and responsibility I know what's there

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but I do think consciously about the

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crew and the people were about to about

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to put on top of a controlled explosion

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and get to order verify ready to reserve

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count at Dover 1 OKC

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pvp pvp go EP 6 pcs go help you Houston

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flight is go after nearly three years

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hundreds of thousands of hours logged by

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engineers technicians scientists

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seamstresses electricians and other

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program workers across the globe we have

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main engine start two one the shuttle

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at liftoff 6.6 million pounds of thrust

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begin hurtling the vehicle and crew at

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speeds that will reach 17,500 miles per

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the shuttle is like no other machine

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ever built for its launch to succeed

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more than a million parts must move

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together perfectly how this engineering

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marvel came to be as an amazing story

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that begins in the early 1970s the yet

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Nam war is divisive and costly the

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economy is sliding into recession

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and with the race to the moon already

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won the Apollo program is cancelled a

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[Music]

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new mission is sought for NASA to send

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humans into space but Mars for many the

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next logical step on the path of

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exploration is dismissed as too costly a

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destination for a country preoccupied

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with events back on earth instead on

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January 5th 1972 another destination is

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selected low-earth orbit as early as the

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mid 1960s NASA had concluded that the

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technology was available to build and

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fly a reusable spacecraft President

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Nixon really liked the idea and told the

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NASA Administrator go do it and the NASA

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Administrator got a call from OMB the

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next morning someone there and said hey

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what the president really meant to say

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was you're gonna get this much money and

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so do as best you can with the space

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transportation system and our choice

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logically was we have to have a vehicle

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first and so that that was the birth of

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the Space Shuttle as the first in the

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three-part space transportation system

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many designs were considered often they

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combined the best features of different

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concepts at that time they were looking

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at having jet engines on the shuttle for

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landing and for transporting it across

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the country the idea of the lifting

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bodies was to bring ass home

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conventional runway

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and previously all of our thick paths

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which were capital and down in the ocean

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someone came up with the idea of a

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vehicle that could land like an airplane

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the key thing was to understand

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aerodynamic stability across the

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hypersonic supersonic subsonic and

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landing speed type of environments that

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a single vehicle has to fly safely that

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was a key thing that was learned from

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those and you'll see it reflected in the

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00:14:55,410 --> 00:14:52,510
shape of the space shuttle one was the

277
00:14:58,080 --> 00:14:55,420
use of a lifting body an aircraft with

278
00:14:59,970 --> 00:14:58,090
no conventional wings only its fuselage

279
00:15:04,140 --> 00:14:59,980
would keep the aircraft airborne and

280
00:15:06,810 --> 00:15:04,150
guided safely back to earth they were

281
00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:06,820
known as a flying bathtub for the first

282
00:15:13,140 --> 00:15:09,850
half the m2 f1 was towed behind a car

283
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:13,150
souped up potty act whitey Whiteside

284
00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:15,610
drove that Pontiac across the light that

285
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:18,310
at about 120 miles per hour dragging us

286
00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:21,010
flying bathtub behind it as well as

287
00:15:31,780 --> 00:15:23,170
ground breaking their tests could also

288
00:15:38,990 --> 00:15:37,010
the x24 be a lifting body with wings was

289
00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:39,000
the first such craft to land on an

290
00:15:43,220 --> 00:15:41,370
actual runway as all shuttles would

291
00:15:46,820 --> 00:15:43,230
eventually do early on the space shuttle

292
00:15:48,890 --> 00:15:46,830
was going to have jet engines to return

293
00:15:52,030 --> 00:15:48,900
for horizontal landing much like an

294
00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:52,040
airliner the x-15 had proven fairly

295
00:15:55,760 --> 00:15:53,730
specifically that they can make

296
00:15:58,400 --> 00:15:55,770
horizontal landings very accurately

297
00:16:00,280 --> 00:15:58,410
unpowered flying a steep glide slope

298
00:16:02,630 --> 00:16:00,290
that they could do a horizontal

299
00:16:05,540 --> 00:16:02,640
unpowered landing with the shuttle as

300
00:16:09,020 --> 00:16:05,550
they tried to narrow its size shape and

301
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:09,030
weight engineers also considered how

302
00:16:13,310 --> 00:16:11,210
this new orbiter would be propelled

303
00:16:15,410 --> 00:16:13,320
safely out of the reach of Earth's

304
00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:15,420
gravity at the Marshall Space Flight

305
00:16:21,740 --> 00:16:18,090
Center in Huntsville home of the rockets

306
00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:21,750
that had sent every Mercury Gemini and

307
00:16:30,730 --> 00:16:29,250
Apollo astronaut into space design teams

308
00:16:33,530 --> 00:16:30,740
would devise the partially reusable

309
00:16:36,870 --> 00:16:33,540
propulsion system that would finally be

310
00:16:40,290 --> 00:16:38,460
the main engines were always something

311
00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:40,300
we paid very close attention to lots of

312
00:16:47,250 --> 00:16:44,050
moving parts lots of lots of high-energy

313
00:16:49,650 --> 00:16:47,260
and very tight places and very cold

314
00:16:56,520 --> 00:16:49,660
liquid open one side of a very small

315
00:17:01,230 --> 00:16:58,620
and that thing finally that off for me

316
00:17:02,730 --> 00:17:01,240
it just showed the power of a space

317
00:17:04,260 --> 00:17:02,740
shuttle main engine in and then there's

318
00:17:06,810 --> 00:17:04,270
three on the back of an orbiter and then

319
00:17:09,420 --> 00:17:06,820
there's the two solid rocket motors that

320
00:17:10,590 --> 00:17:09,430
was probably the spark that got me so

321
00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:10,600
interested in the space shuttle program

322
00:17:14,940 --> 00:17:12,310
in general and what it took to actually

323
00:17:17,430 --> 00:17:14,950
get one engine to light much less three

324
00:17:20,250 --> 00:17:17,440
and two boosters to take the shuttle to

325
00:17:22,860 --> 00:17:20,260
orbit as for the orbiter spiraling costs

326
00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:22,870
forced NASA to abandon equipping it with

327
00:17:27,180 --> 00:17:25,810
its own jet engines and escape pod

328
00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:27,190
originally it was going to be an

329
00:17:33,330 --> 00:17:30,970
air-breathing airplane that would fly to

330
00:17:35,130 --> 00:17:33,340
space as a rocket and then come back to

331
00:17:37,980 --> 00:17:35,140
earth the orbital maneuvering system

332
00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:37,990
pods that sit on the back now we're to

333
00:17:41,820 --> 00:17:40,450
be where deployable air breathing

334
00:17:44,430 --> 00:17:41,830
engines would come out and it would be

335
00:17:45,930 --> 00:17:44,440
able to fly from its intended point of

336
00:17:47,910 --> 00:17:45,940
landing to another place if the weather

337
00:17:51,210 --> 00:17:47,920
were bad or something like that NASA's

338
00:17:54,270 --> 00:17:51,220
new shuttle would essentially glide its

339
00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:54,280
way back to earth producing the

340
00:17:58,050 --> 00:17:55,810
components of this new space

341
00:18:00,210 --> 00:17:58,060
transportation system fell to familiar

342
00:18:02,220 --> 00:18:00,220
names in the space industry prime

343
00:18:03,870 --> 00:18:02,230
contractor Rockwell North American now

344
00:18:07,110 --> 00:18:03,880
Boeing had built the Apollo

345
00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:07,120
command/service module Morton Thiokol

346
00:18:12,930 --> 00:18:10,330
now ATK would build the solid rocket

347
00:18:16,670 --> 00:18:12,940
boosters and martin marietta now

348
00:18:18,750 --> 00:18:16,680
Lockheed Martin would construct the et

349
00:18:21,090 --> 00:18:18,760
responsibility for producing the space

350
00:18:24,030 --> 00:18:21,100
shuttles main engines went to Rocketdyne

351
00:18:26,100 --> 00:18:24,040
now Pratt Whitney there's a lot of

352
00:18:28,020 --> 00:18:26,110
teamwork that was going on it was

353
00:18:31,980 --> 00:18:28,030
bringing people from all across the

354
00:18:34,950 --> 00:18:31,990
country from Kennedy from Johnson from

355
00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:34,960
Marshall so many people involved that

356
00:18:38,910 --> 00:18:36,850
had to have work together know at the

357
00:18:40,850 --> 00:18:38,920
beginning there was a lot of anxiety

358
00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:40,860
that we weren't going to work together

359
00:18:44,670 --> 00:18:43,360
but when people got to know each other

360
00:18:47,790 --> 00:18:44,680
and could trust each other

361
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:47,800
that's when the work became it was an

362
00:18:52,110 --> 00:18:50,410
amazing vehicle and a lot of ways way

363
00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:52,120
ahead of its time to have a reusable

364
00:18:58,150 --> 00:18:54,850
spacecraft they could carry such

365
00:19:02,200 --> 00:18:58,160
tremendous amounts of cargo

366
00:19:05,110 --> 00:19:02,210
to space was unprecedented September

367
00:19:07,780 --> 00:19:05,120
1976 more than four-and-a-half years

368
00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:07,790
after President Nixon signed off on its

369
00:19:13,870 --> 00:19:10,510
development America's new spacecraft

370
00:19:16,360 --> 00:19:13,880
Constitution gets its first close up

371
00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:16,370
before the cameras the orbiter itself is

372
00:19:20,620 --> 00:19:17,930
well received by the public but

373
00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:20,630
impassioned fans of a particular long

374
00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:22,850
cancelled television series called Star

375
00:19:27,970 --> 00:19:25,250
Trek wanted it called something else

376
00:19:30,280 --> 00:19:27,980
they staged a successful write-in

377
00:19:33,580 --> 00:19:30,290
campaign and the orbiter was renamed for

378
00:19:36,790 --> 00:19:33,590
the starship featured on the show

379
00:19:40,360 --> 00:19:36,800
thus NASA's new shuttle would be the

380
00:19:47,030 --> 00:19:40,370
enterprise boldly going as no spacecraft

381
00:19:58,790 --> 00:19:50,700
whatever its name this bird still needed

382
00:20:05,070 --> 00:20:02,210
in an age before computer simulations

383
00:20:07,710 --> 00:20:05,080
balsa wood models and Windtunnel testing

384
00:20:10,230 --> 00:20:07,720
was the only means to test the airliner

385
00:20:13,470 --> 00:20:10,240
sized glider we put together a very

386
00:20:15,990 --> 00:20:13,480
aggressive flight test profile that

387
00:20:17,970 --> 00:20:16,000
consisted of data points continuously

388
00:20:20,250 --> 00:20:17,980
all the way down they were just not

389
00:20:23,130 --> 00:20:20,260
there was not a matter of ten seconds

390
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:23,140
went by without another either a pitch

391
00:20:28,920 --> 00:20:25,810
doublet or a rudder kick or an angle of

392
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:28,930
attack sweep the things that really turn

393
00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:30,910
on a test pilot to fly them as

394
00:20:35,220 --> 00:20:31,960
accurately as possible

395
00:20:37,380 --> 00:20:35,230
August 12th 1977 on a crystal-clear

396
00:20:40,650 --> 00:20:37,390
California morning high above the Mojave

397
00:20:43,650 --> 00:20:40,660
Desert to NASA test pilots ready for

398
00:20:46,290 --> 00:20:43,660
enterprises first flight the plan was

399
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:46,300
for Fred Hayes jr. and Gordon Fullerton

400
00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:49,710
to lift the orbiter off a modified 747

401
00:20:56,580 --> 00:20:53,770
then land on a dry lakebed 15,000 feet

402
00:21:00,180 --> 00:20:56,590
below the thing that we were most

403
00:21:02,370 --> 00:21:00,190
concerned about was if we were going to

404
00:21:04,650 --> 00:21:02,380
be able to get to a launch speed if Fitz

405
00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:04,660
Fulton was going to be able to put the

406
00:21:09,990 --> 00:21:07,510
747 into a slight dive so that we would

407
00:21:12,570 --> 00:21:10,000
have enough lift on the enterprise to

408
00:21:14,370 --> 00:21:12,580
when he did push the separation button

409
00:21:16,770 --> 00:21:14,380
blow the bolts to lift away from the

410
00:21:19,050 --> 00:21:16,780
airplane without hidden fits his tail

411
00:21:25,110 --> 00:21:19,060
and of course both of us were interested

412
00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:25,120
in the pilots on the 747 Fitz Fulton and

413
00:21:30,270 --> 00:21:28,210
Tom mcmerkin sit and wait for the

414
00:21:32,430 --> 00:21:30,280
command to release and steer their

415
00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:32,440
massive aircraft out from under

416
00:21:37,230 --> 00:21:34,330
enterprise there were still questions

417
00:21:38,850 --> 00:21:37,240
about whether they gonna actually happen

418
00:21:40,919 --> 00:21:38,860
as we

419
00:21:44,190 --> 00:21:40,929
from those simulations and the analysis

420
00:21:46,830 --> 00:21:44,200
and everything there's a very loud thump

421
00:21:48,630 --> 00:21:46,840
when the shuttle separates there was

422
00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:48,640
always a question was coming on slide

423
00:21:54,899 --> 00:21:52,090
back hit the tail at 747 but we couldn't

424
00:21:56,370 --> 00:21:54,909
see that but we could after a few

425
00:21:59,490 --> 00:21:56,380
seconds we could tell it didn't hit us

426
00:22:02,159 --> 00:21:59,500
and so the chase called clear once we

427
00:22:04,380 --> 00:22:02,169
reached the 240 knots and Fitz called on

428
00:22:06,060 --> 00:22:04,390
speed I think he really pushed some of

429
00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:06,070
the sensors he was looking at in order

430
00:22:10,259 --> 00:22:07,690
to let us get to there but and we

431
00:22:14,460 --> 00:22:10,269
appreciated that but once once we heard

432
00:22:17,460 --> 00:22:14,470
fit say on speed I pushed the separation

433
00:22:19,279 --> 00:22:17,470
button and we we just broke free we had

434
00:22:21,450 --> 00:22:19,289
about one and a half G's of lift

435
00:22:23,730 --> 00:22:21,460
honestly that was probably the most

436
00:22:28,980 --> 00:22:23,740
exciting moment in the approach and

437
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:28,990
landing test to feel and be there when

438
00:22:33,750 --> 00:22:31,510
the shuttle separated from the platform

439
00:22:35,190 --> 00:22:33,760
ever file accounts this first freefall

440
00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:35,200
test is a success

441
00:22:41,170 --> 00:22:38,090
[Music]

442
00:22:43,870 --> 00:22:41,180
five weeks later Enterprise is brought

443
00:22:46,420 --> 00:22:43,880
to twenty two thousand for her second

444
00:22:48,340 --> 00:22:46,430
freefall test pilots Joe Engel and dick

445
00:22:50,590 --> 00:22:48,350
truly have only two minutes to capture

446
00:22:53,170 --> 00:22:50,600
flight and maneuvering data before

447
00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:53,180
landing the aircraft again without any

448
00:22:57,940 --> 00:22:55,700
engine it was a real team effort the

449
00:23:00,280 --> 00:22:57,950
challenge was for dick truly and I to

450
00:23:03,490 --> 00:23:00,290
fly that profile and fly those data

451
00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:03,500
points those maneuvers as precisely as

452
00:23:07,780 --> 00:23:05,570
possible to give them the best data

453
00:23:11,770 --> 00:23:07,790
possible it was it was a test pilot ream

454
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:11,780
a total of 16 taxi captive and drop

455
00:23:16,660 --> 00:23:14,210
tests confirm the sounds of the crafts

456
00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:16,670
design and green-lighted production of

457
00:23:27,930 --> 00:23:42,980
[Music]

458
00:23:47,340 --> 00:23:45,600
Columbia NASA's first orbiter is

459
00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:47,350
fittingly named after the first American

460
00:23:57,680 --> 00:23:54,980
however Columbia quickly becomes a

461
00:23:59,210 --> 00:23:57,690
daunting challenge for NASA it's complex

462
00:24:01,820 --> 00:23:59,220
makeup had engineers struggling

463
00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:01,830
constantly to reduce Columbia's weight

464
00:24:06,980 --> 00:24:04,890
and simplify construction especially

465
00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:06,990
frustrating was keeping the orbiters

466
00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:10,380
ceramic tiles attached to its fuselage

467
00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:13,770
more than $25,000 fit together to

468
00:24:18,110 --> 00:24:16,770
protect Columbia from the searing 3,000

469
00:24:20,210 --> 00:24:18,120
degree heat of reentry

470
00:24:21,650 --> 00:24:20,220
we were having a lot of problems with

471
00:24:24,890 --> 00:24:21,660
the thermal protection system of the

472
00:24:26,780 --> 00:24:24,900
tiles the way we were trying to glue a

473
00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:26,790
moment with this wouldn't stay off and

474
00:24:32,570 --> 00:24:29,970
we had to come up with a way of making

475
00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:32,580
sure that they'd stay on and we had some

476
00:24:37,340 --> 00:24:34,830
really great people that work that and

477
00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:37,350
that's why it took such a long time I

478
00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:38,850
had hoped it was not going to take that

479
00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:40,650
long since so John and I were named as a

480
00:24:44,990 --> 00:24:42,690
crew so we had a lot more time to Train

481
00:24:46,909 --> 00:24:45,000
than what I had we'd both initially

482
00:24:49,940 --> 00:24:46,919
planned the requirement was to be able

483
00:24:52,270 --> 00:24:49,950
to handle temperatures like 2500 degrees

484
00:24:55,010 --> 00:24:52,280
have to occur on the surface of the the

485
00:24:57,080 --> 00:24:55,020
TPS and that's five times what your oven

486
00:25:00,450 --> 00:24:57,090
is at the home that you bake cookies

487
00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:03,280
the other problem is weight because

488
00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:05,930
after all this is an airplane so you

489
00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:09,170
can't have a metallic system on it that

490
00:25:12,730 --> 00:25:10,880
weighs tons it has to be extremely

491
00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:12,740
lightweight and in fact the shuttle

492
00:25:18,610 --> 00:25:15,890
tiles are about 90% air and that gives

493
00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:18,620
the combination of being able to be

494
00:25:22,780 --> 00:25:20,330
temperature resistant and yet at the

495
00:25:24,420 --> 00:25:22,790
same time light each orbiter has a

496
00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:24,430
unique number of protective tiles

497
00:25:30,910 --> 00:25:27,850
Challenger was built with the most 30

498
00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:30,920
1088 while Atlantis has the fewest a

499
00:25:38,260 --> 00:25:36,170
mere 24,000 177 over in Palmdale they

500
00:25:40,870 --> 00:25:38,270
had put on their first effort of putting

501
00:25:42,220 --> 00:25:40,880
the tiles on to protect the aluminum

502
00:25:45,820 --> 00:25:42,230
from the heating then we're going to get

503
00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:45,830
on reentry and some of those tiles would

504
00:25:50,350 --> 00:25:48,110
they put them on in the daytime next

505
00:25:53,230 --> 00:25:50,360
morning the tiles were on the hangar

506
00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:53,240
floor and so that was real scary that

507
00:25:56,380 --> 00:25:54,770
they we could lose some tiles whether

508
00:25:58,060 --> 00:25:56,390
they're on orbit and really have a

509
00:26:00,550 --> 00:25:58,070
problem with the heat coming back on

510
00:26:02,740 --> 00:26:00,560
reentry Columbia had a lot of tiles

511
00:26:04,990 --> 00:26:02,750
missing yet needed quite a bit of work

512
00:26:10,180 --> 00:26:05,000
before we could deliver it to the Cape

513
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:10,190
and we scrounged throughout the city of

514
00:26:17,570 --> 00:26:15,210
Lancaster for rkv which was the

515
00:26:20,479 --> 00:26:17,580
the material we use to glue the tiles on

516
00:26:23,749 --> 00:26:20,489
with more glue did keep the tiles in

517
00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:23,759
place however water was literally

518
00:26:28,639 --> 00:26:26,129
ripping them apart it turns out an

519
00:26:31,519 --> 00:26:28,649
instant we hit rained the tiles who

520
00:26:33,950 --> 00:26:31,529
almost exploded the tiles fabrication

521
00:26:36,589 --> 00:26:33,960
process was modified and the problem

522
00:26:38,629 --> 00:26:36,599
overcome other shuttle design features

523
00:26:41,089 --> 00:26:38,639
proved less problematic and more

524
00:26:43,849 --> 00:26:41,099
groundbreaking a computerized digital

525
00:26:46,639 --> 00:26:43,859
flight control system now common in

526
00:26:48,859 --> 00:26:46,649
commercial and military aircraft was

527
00:26:51,919 --> 00:26:48,869
developed for the orbiter in flying the

528
00:26:53,659 --> 00:26:51,929
space shuttle you were so aware that you

529
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:53,669
aren't necessarily talking to the

530
00:26:57,829 --> 00:26:55,710
shuttle you're talking to a computer who

531
00:27:02,089 --> 00:26:57,839
in turn was going to talk to the to the

532
00:27:04,339 --> 00:27:02,099
shuttle barriers of race and gender were

533
00:27:06,229 --> 00:27:04,349
falling everywhere and America's core of

534
00:27:08,299 --> 00:27:06,239
shuttle astronauts would become more

535
00:27:09,979 --> 00:27:08,309
reflective of the nation it served

536
00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:09,989
there's been a lot that's that the

537
00:27:15,349 --> 00:27:12,690
shuttle era has done to bring space

538
00:27:18,099 --> 00:27:15,359
flight into into the domain of the

539
00:27:21,139 --> 00:27:18,109
average person we know it's not just

540
00:27:23,060 --> 00:27:21,149
crew-cut white test pilots anymore it's

541
00:27:24,889 --> 00:27:23,070
it's the essentially the United Nations

542
00:27:26,269 --> 00:27:24,899
that flies on the space shuttles it's

543
00:27:27,889 --> 00:27:26,279
people of every description that look

544
00:27:29,989 --> 00:27:27,899
very much like the rest of us the

545
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:29,999
astronaut selection process reflected a

546
00:27:35,509 --> 00:27:33,690
changing nation and the changing NASA at

547
00:27:37,249 --> 00:27:35,519
the time all the astronauts were

548
00:27:39,799 --> 00:27:37,259
military test pilots and there were no

549
00:27:42,349 --> 00:27:39,809
females so it was kind of like one of

550
00:27:43,609 --> 00:27:42,359
those dreams that you hope will happen

551
00:27:47,180 --> 00:27:43,619
someday but you didn't really think

552
00:27:50,719 --> 00:27:47,190
would the NASA astronaut class of 1978

553
00:27:52,690 --> 00:27:50,729
the largest in the agency's history came

554
00:27:56,919 --> 00:27:52,700
from all walks of American life

555
00:27:58,670 --> 00:27:56,929
physicists meteorologists fighter pilots

556
00:28:00,880 --> 00:27:58,680
scientists

557
00:28:03,470 --> 00:28:00,890
for the first time women and

558
00:28:05,870 --> 00:28:03,480
african-americans when I came into the

559
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:05,880
astronaut program in 78 there were three

560
00:28:09,860 --> 00:28:08,010
african-americans that came in at the

561
00:28:12,860 --> 00:28:09,870
same time and it was the first time that

562
00:28:15,020 --> 00:28:12,870
NASA had hired african-americans we had

563
00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:15,030
Fred Gregory who was a test pilot and

564
00:28:19,640 --> 00:28:17,730
then to Ron McNair who was a mission

565
00:28:21,530 --> 00:28:19,650
specialist and I came in as a mission

566
00:28:23,810 --> 00:28:21,540
specialist so all three of us were

567
00:28:26,180 --> 00:28:23,820
excited about flying in space and we all

568
00:28:28,220 --> 00:28:26,190
all three of us recognized that we were

569
00:28:30,140 --> 00:28:28,230
really going to open up the envelope for

570
00:28:32,450 --> 00:28:30,150
other African Americans to fly in space

571
00:28:34,270 --> 00:28:32,460
while the new class of NASA astronauts

572
00:28:37,910 --> 00:28:34,280
trained for subsequent shuttle flights

573
00:28:46,450 --> 00:28:37,920
Columbia was undergoing preparations for

574
00:28:51,220 --> 00:28:49,149
veteran astronaut John Young one of the

575
00:28:53,980 --> 00:28:51,230
12 men to set foot on the moon is in

576
00:28:58,509 --> 00:28:53,990
command this pilot is first-time flyer

577
00:29:00,399 --> 00:28:58,519
Bob Crippen to be sitting home board and

578
00:29:02,980 --> 00:29:00,409
up there with my buddy John Young and

579
00:29:07,169 --> 00:29:02,990
get to experience the whole thing from a

580
00:29:10,149 --> 00:29:07,179
scent to be an on-orbit flying reentry

581
00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:10,159
it was with more of the high points in

582
00:29:17,050 --> 00:29:33,700
[Music]

583
00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:35,470
together they would travel over a

584
00:29:42,010 --> 00:29:38,960
million miles and circle the earth 36

585
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:42,020
times the launch finally occurred we've

586
00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:43,610
been waiting and postponing and

587
00:29:47,910 --> 00:29:46,370
postponing and when it finally lifted

588
00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:47,920
off and we knew it was going and

589
00:29:53,140 --> 00:29:51,770
achieved orbit we were wrong and anxious

590
00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:53,150
anticipation for what was going to

591
00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:53,930
happen next

592
00:29:58,780 --> 00:29:55,970
launched like a rocket two days earlier

593
00:30:00,970 --> 00:29:58,790
Columbia lands as a glider on the dry

594
00:30:02,950 --> 00:30:00,980
lake bed of Edwards Air Force Base in

595
00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:02,960
California watching out out the window

596
00:30:08,170 --> 00:30:06,290
watching the sea and the clouds rush by

597
00:30:10,990 --> 00:30:08,180
it actually gave her a sense of speed

598
00:30:13,900 --> 00:30:11,000
more so than then when we were up in

599
00:30:15,340 --> 00:30:13,910
orbit being a child I think they were

600
00:30:17,110 --> 00:30:15,350
all very relieved because they've been

601
00:30:19,300 --> 00:30:17,120
some concern because we had lost some

602
00:30:20,620 --> 00:30:19,310
tiles initially going on the orbit and

603
00:30:22,630 --> 00:30:20,630
they didn't know whether we'd lost any

604
00:30:24,370 --> 00:30:22,640
on the bottom or not slow down over the

605
00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:24,380
San Joaquin Valley we do a big

606
00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:26,810
turnaround to land on the lake bed that

607
00:30:30,490 --> 00:30:28,370
first ride I remember when John went

608
00:30:32,620 --> 00:30:30,500
into a bank of a big left bank I looked

609
00:30:34,780 --> 00:30:32,630
down to lake bed and there's thousands

610
00:30:37,540 --> 00:30:34,790
of people out there I think a child look

611
00:30:40,420 --> 00:30:37,550
at almost folks would come out to see

612
00:30:44,260 --> 00:30:40,430
you later Joe Engle was chased you're

613
00:30:47,080 --> 00:30:44,270
his voice coming in on final talking to

614
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:47,090
John Young and in the airplane that

615
00:30:51,820 --> 00:30:49,010
they were right on glide slope coming in

616
00:30:54,040 --> 00:30:51,830
for a landing and then have that landing

617
00:30:57,700 --> 00:30:54,050
and then have John Young

618
00:30:57,700 --> 00:30:57,710
do his young dance

619
00:31:03,430 --> 00:31:00,940
he was just so elated it was such a

620
00:31:05,890 --> 00:31:03,440
magnificent flying machine to him at

621
00:31:08,530 --> 00:31:05,900
that time the first time I really saw a

622
00:31:11,140 --> 00:31:08,540
real shuttle with Columbia when it was

623
00:31:12,760 --> 00:31:11,150
out on a lake bed after the landing man

624
00:31:15,970 --> 00:31:12,770
I'm walking around it I couldn't believe

625
00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:15,980
they said that big a mass up in the air

626
00:31:20,290 --> 00:31:17,570
people really thought this was all

627
00:31:22,270 --> 00:31:20,300
impossible so what we do what we have

628
00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:22,280
done and shown and demonstrated through

629
00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:25,130
the shuttle program is we've shown that

630
00:31:28,780 --> 00:31:27,890
we can take the impossible and make it

631
00:31:31,030 --> 00:31:28,790
possible

632
00:31:33,190 --> 00:31:31,040
thousands of spectators lined up along

633
00:31:39,130 --> 00:31:33,200
the landing strip to greet the shuttle

634
00:31:41,350 --> 00:31:39,140
and it's two-man crew anyone who is

635
00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:41,360
associated with the program or they're

636
00:31:45,940 --> 00:31:43,970
just to see the shell returned I think

637
00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:45,950
felt a lot of pride in our country and

638
00:31:52,270 --> 00:31:49,850
our space program and so that those

639
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:52,280
emotions were you know finally release

640
00:31:58,870 --> 00:31:54,650
and you said wow you know the flight was

641
00:32:00,610 --> 00:31:58,880
done safely they're back home the shell

642
00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:00,620
really does work it's a great program

643
00:32:05,830 --> 00:32:02,570
it's got a great future ahead of hey

644
00:32:07,510 --> 00:32:05,840
this thing works and we got it back all

645
00:32:09,550 --> 00:32:07,520
in one piece which is what we wanted to

646
00:32:11,980 --> 00:32:09,560
do while Columbia's return was

647
00:32:14,350 --> 00:32:11,990
spectacular it would renew NASA

648
00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:14,360
engineers worries about the shuttles

649
00:32:20,380 --> 00:32:16,910
thermal protection system during the

650
00:32:22,470 --> 00:32:20,390
post landing inspection 148 of the

651
00:32:25,870 --> 00:32:22,480
orbiters tiles were found shattered and

652
00:32:28,900 --> 00:32:25,880
16 more were missing due to the effects

653
00:32:31,540 --> 00:32:28,910
of an overpressure wave while that and

654
00:32:33,880 --> 00:32:31,550
other issues were addressed the 50-ton

655
00:32:36,820 --> 00:32:33,890
Columbia would be placed atop the

656
00:32:39,310 --> 00:32:36,830
specially configured 747 and ferried

657
00:32:40,060 --> 00:32:39,320
back to Florida and processing for its

658
00:32:44,590 --> 00:32:40,070
next mission

659
00:32:48,250 --> 00:32:44,600
it's a massive enterprise it's over

660
00:32:51,130 --> 00:32:48,260
eight stories tall sitting on the ground

661
00:32:52,990 --> 00:32:51,140
and it's you never get over that sight

662
00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:53,000
it's really awesome after the shuttle

663
00:32:58,210 --> 00:32:55,490
lands there's a processing procedure for

664
00:33:01,270 --> 00:32:58,220
the show post flighting int checking the

665
00:33:02,340 --> 00:33:01,280
tires checking the struts major get the

666
00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:02,350
right correct measure

667
00:33:08,490 --> 00:33:04,650
and then when the shuttle is ready to

668
00:33:11,430 --> 00:33:08,500
mate with worthy 747 we would tow

669
00:33:14,100 --> 00:33:11,440
underneath and then they would lower the

670
00:33:21,210 --> 00:33:14,110
space shuttle down on the supports on

671
00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:21,220
top of the aircraft take off on take

672
00:33:27,510 --> 00:33:23,530
offs from the extra long runways of

673
00:33:31,710 --> 00:33:29,280
[Music]

674
00:33:34,320 --> 00:33:31,720
the Shuttle Carrier aircraft crew of

675
00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:34,330
four would soon grow accustomed to the

676
00:33:37,799 --> 00:33:35,710
smell of burning rubber

677
00:33:39,990 --> 00:33:37,809
that's the intense heat generated by

678
00:33:42,840 --> 00:33:40,000
their plane spinning tires as they

679
00:33:45,390 --> 00:33:42,850
carried two massive aircraft at more

680
00:33:48,450 --> 00:33:45,400
than 100 miles an hour the average range

681
00:33:50,909 --> 00:33:48,460
of a 747 is about 5,000 miles but due to

682
00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:50,919
its weight configuration and special

683
00:33:56,909 --> 00:33:53,410
flight requirements the SCA can travel

684
00:33:59,850 --> 00:33:56,919
only 1,000 miles at a time a full term

685
00:34:05,520 --> 00:33:59,860
in a jet can take several Ziff country

686
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:05,530
to avoid bad cruising at more than 250

687
00:34:10,649 --> 00:34:07,710
miles per hour the jumbo jet burns

688
00:34:12,690 --> 00:34:10,659
40,000 pounds of fuel per hour that's a

689
00:34:15,270 --> 00:34:12,700
hundred and thirty pounds per mile or

690
00:34:17,909 --> 00:34:15,280
the length of a football field per

691
00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:17,919
gallon no wonder it has to make several

692
00:34:24,810 --> 00:34:20,530
stops before reaching Florida's east

693
00:34:30,270 --> 00:34:28,290
we would get a spacecraft back go over

694
00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:30,280
it again be sure that we could reuse it

695
00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:32,410
repair it where we had to do had never

696
00:34:35,820 --> 00:34:33,850
been never been done before and so I

697
00:34:37,650 --> 00:34:35,830
think it's one of the marvelous things

698
00:34:40,260 --> 00:34:37,660
about the space shuttle was we found a

699
00:34:43,460 --> 00:34:40,270
way to turn this spacecraft around and

700
00:34:45,900 --> 00:34:43,470
use it again before the end of 1982

701
00:34:48,380 --> 00:34:45,910
Columbia would fly for more mission

702
00:34:51,930 --> 00:34:48,390
liftoff of America's space shuttle

703
00:34:56,350 --> 00:34:51,940
including STS five the first with a crew

704
00:35:01,309 --> 00:34:57,999
[Music]

705
00:35:11,019 --> 00:35:01,319
challenger ii orbit in the shuttle fleet

706
00:35:15,589 --> 00:35:13,759
STS six deployed a communication

707
00:35:18,769 --> 00:35:15,599
satellite and feature the first

708
00:35:21,109 --> 00:35:18,779
spacewalk of the shuttle era just two

709
00:35:22,819 --> 00:35:21,119
months later shuttle Challenger is back

710
00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:22,829
in orbit this time with the first

711
00:35:33,710 --> 00:35:30,859
physicist dr. Sally Ride was a member of

712
00:35:35,960 --> 00:35:33,720
commander Bob Crippen's STS 70 that

713
00:35:40,180 --> 00:35:35,970
deployed Canadian and Indonesian

714
00:35:44,480 --> 00:35:42,519
[Music]

715
00:35:46,160 --> 00:35:44,490
challenger was readied for flight in

716
00:35:48,529 --> 00:35:46,170
less than two minutes another massive

717
00:35:51,289 --> 00:35:48,539
first shuttling the first African

718
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:51,299
American space an Air Force combat pilot

719
00:35:54,950 --> 00:35:52,410
guy Bluford

720
00:35:56,150 --> 00:35:54,960
for me it was an exciting moment because

721
00:35:59,960 --> 00:35:56,160
it was something that I had been

722
00:36:01,700 --> 00:35:59,970
training for for 15 to 16 months and so

723
00:36:10,650 --> 00:36:01,710
I was looking forward to the experience

724
00:36:16,890 --> 00:36:13,950
in 1984 286 the newest orbiter discovery

725
00:36:20,009 --> 00:36:16,900
would fly a record six missions and

726
00:36:22,620 --> 00:36:20,019
liftoff liftoff of mission 51 d and a

727
00:36:25,529 --> 00:36:22,630
seven-member crew of discovery carrying

728
00:36:28,019 --> 00:36:25,539
into space satellites international

729
00:36:28,769 --> 00:36:28,029
astronauts even a US senator and a

730
00:36:31,309 --> 00:36:28,779
congressman

731
00:36:36,630 --> 00:36:31,319
one year after Discovery's debut

732
00:36:38,730 --> 00:36:36,640
Atlantis flew her first mission a new

733
00:36:39,829 --> 00:36:38,740
orbiter joins a shuttle fleet and it has

734
00:36:44,130 --> 00:36:39,839
cleared the tower

735
00:36:46,319 --> 00:36:44,140
STS 51 J there was also one of seven

736
00:36:47,870 --> 00:36:46,329
classified missions the space shuttle

737
00:36:51,329 --> 00:36:47,880
would fly for the Department of Defense

738
00:36:53,269 --> 00:36:51,339
by the end of 1985 the space shuttle

739
00:36:56,809 --> 00:36:53,279
program had completed 23 issues

740
00:36:59,279 --> 00:36:56,819
including 9 that year alone each

741
00:37:02,460 --> 00:36:59,289
successful flight had the under tenant

742
00:37:05,190 --> 00:37:02,470
consequence of convincing some that

743
00:37:07,740 --> 00:37:05,200
space woman once considered among

744
00:37:10,809 --> 00:37:07,750
humankind's most inherently dangerous

745
00:37:13,839 --> 00:37:10,819
endeavors had become routine

746
00:37:18,219 --> 00:37:13,849
that note would soon be tragically

747
00:37:21,189 --> 00:37:18,229
dispelled well I am so excited to be

748
00:37:23,679 --> 00:37:21,199
here amid much fanfare christa mcauliffe

749
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:23,689
an elementary school instructor from

750
00:37:28,929 --> 00:37:25,910
Concord New Hampshire had been chosen

751
00:37:31,269 --> 00:37:28,939
from among 11,000 applicants to be

752
00:37:34,029 --> 00:37:31,279
NASA's first teacher in space

753
00:37:36,789 --> 00:37:34,039
I would like to humanize the space age

754
00:37:38,679 --> 00:37:36,799
by giving a perspective from the nine

755
00:37:40,089 --> 00:37:38,689
astronaut because I think the students

756
00:37:42,339 --> 00:37:40,099
will look at that and say this is an

757
00:37:44,289 --> 00:37:42,349
ordinary person this ordinary person is

758
00:37:46,269 --> 00:37:44,299
contributing to history and if they can

759
00:37:47,620 --> 00:37:46,279
make that connection then they're going

760
00:37:48,849 --> 00:37:47,630
to get excited about history they're

761
00:37:50,079 --> 00:37:48,859
gonna get excited about the future

762
00:37:51,999 --> 00:37:50,089
they're going to get excited about space

763
00:37:54,609 --> 00:37:52,009
the American public's interest in its

764
00:37:57,459 --> 00:37:54,619
space program was renewed by her

765
00:37:59,620 --> 00:37:57,469
participation and was eager to see her

766
00:38:02,429 --> 00:37:59,630
alive commanding the flight was dick

767
00:38:04,449 --> 00:38:02,439
Scobee his pilot was Michael Smith

768
00:38:07,779 --> 00:38:04,459
serving as challengers mission

769
00:38:12,130 --> 00:38:07,789
specialists our Judy Resnik Ellison

770
00:38:16,019 --> 00:38:12,140
Onizuka and Ron McNair journey McAuliffe

771
00:38:17,759 --> 00:38:16,029
as a payload specialist was Greg Jarvis

772
00:38:22,029 --> 00:38:17,769
from the start

773
00:38:24,039 --> 00:38:22,039
STS 51 L was plagued by delays mostly

774
00:38:24,759 --> 00:38:24,049
due to unseasonally cold temperatures in

775
00:38:27,489 --> 00:38:24,769
Florida

776
00:38:29,709 --> 00:38:27,499
rather than give pause for thought the

777
00:38:32,799 --> 00:38:29,719
delays only tried the nation's patience

778
00:38:34,359 --> 00:38:32,809
everyone had seemed was itchy to go

779
00:38:36,399 --> 00:38:34,369
January 28th

780
00:38:40,269 --> 00:38:36,409
the ground temperature of launch pad 39b

781
00:38:42,759 --> 00:38:40,279
was a frigid 36 degrees ice could be

782
00:38:45,279 --> 00:38:42,769
seen on the launch vehicle despite

783
00:38:47,979 --> 00:38:45,289
concerns voiced by some shuttle managers

784
00:38:50,829 --> 00:38:47,989
reluctantly decided to press ahead for a

785
00:38:52,559 --> 00:38:50,839
late morning liftoff we have main engine

786
00:38:59,699 --> 00:38:52,569
start

787
00:39:01,620 --> 00:38:59,709
three two one liftoff of the 25th space

788
00:39:11,849 --> 00:39:01,630
shuttle mission and it has cleared the

789
00:39:12,539 --> 00:39:11,859
tower challenger go at throttle up at

790
00:39:14,699 --> 00:39:12,549
11:39

791
00:39:17,579 --> 00:39:14,709
booster twice the speed of sound the

792
00:39:20,419 --> 00:39:17,589
challengers fuselage breaks apart from

793
00:39:26,939 --> 00:39:20,429
the inside out America's space program

794
00:39:30,329 --> 00:39:26,949
suffers its first fatality in flight all

795
00:39:33,179 --> 00:39:30,339
seven challenger crew members okay

796
00:39:35,130 --> 00:39:33,189
everybody stay off the telephones make

797
00:39:37,469 --> 00:39:35,140
sure you maintain all your data start

798
00:39:41,099 --> 00:39:37,479
pulling it together we come together

799
00:39:44,489 --> 00:39:41,109
today to mourn the loss of seven brave

800
00:39:48,479 --> 00:39:44,499
Americans to share the grief that we all

801
00:39:53,189 --> 00:39:48,489
feel and perhaps in that sharing to find

802
00:39:54,929 --> 00:39:53,199
the strength to bear our sorrow and the

803
00:39:58,049 --> 00:39:54,939
courage to look for the seeds of hope

804
00:40:00,179 --> 00:39:58,059
the investigation headed by former

805
00:40:03,599 --> 00:40:00,189
Secretary of State William Rogers would

806
00:40:05,150 --> 00:40:03,609
fault a solid rocket booster re-rendered

807
00:40:08,029 --> 00:40:05,160
affected by the bitter

808
00:40:09,829 --> 00:40:08,039
but the Commission's findings also

809
00:40:12,559 --> 00:40:09,839
addressed the human factor the role

810
00:40:16,249 --> 00:40:12,569
played by shuttle program managers in

811
00:40:19,950 --> 00:40:16,259
sending challenger aloft that day the

812
00:40:23,730 --> 00:40:21,750
it took more than two and a half years

813
00:40:27,090 --> 00:40:23,740
of arduous engineering analysis and

814
00:40:30,510 --> 00:40:27,100
painful soul-searching before a retooled

815
00:40:32,790 --> 00:40:30,520
and reborn shuttle would return to fluid

816
00:40:34,140 --> 00:40:32,800
challenge it was tough because it not

817
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:34,150
only represented a breakdown in

818
00:40:38,980 --> 00:40:36,010
communications but it just it

819
00:40:41,020 --> 00:40:38,990
represented everything that's wrong

820
00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:41,030
you know wrong about an agency like like

821
00:40:45,760 --> 00:40:43,760
we are we're segments of the agency

822
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:45,770
weren't talking to each other and didn't

823
00:40:50,620 --> 00:40:48,410
know everything that we should know we

824
00:40:53,590 --> 00:40:50,630
thought we knew where all the risks were

825
00:40:55,450 --> 00:40:53,600
and had them pretty well contained the

826
00:40:56,590 --> 00:40:55,460
solid rocket boosters had called the

827
00:40:59,410 --> 00:40:56,600
accident obviously there was something

828
00:41:01,210 --> 00:40:59,420
that had slipped through so we went back

829
00:41:03,790 --> 00:41:01,220
throughout you know their complete

830
00:41:07,690 --> 00:41:03,800
vehicle all the systems and did a

831
00:41:09,490 --> 00:41:07,700
complete review and trying to find any

832
00:41:10,660 --> 00:41:09,500
other things that we may have missed

833
00:41:12,310 --> 00:41:10,670
that may be lurking there

834
00:41:13,960 --> 00:41:12,320
when things are really starting to look

835
00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:13,970
smooth and you're starting to get maybe

836
00:41:18,010 --> 00:41:15,890
overconfident in a way then it's time

837
00:41:19,870 --> 00:41:18,020
for you to step back think about what

838
00:41:21,790 --> 00:41:19,880
you're doing go back and look do some

839
00:41:23,470 --> 00:41:21,800
additional testing and see if there's

840
00:41:25,720 --> 00:41:23,480
something that you really hadn't

841
00:41:28,510 --> 00:41:25,730
anticipated that is going on with your

842
00:41:30,340 --> 00:41:28,520
systems your a lot of that time we got a

843
00:41:32,470 --> 00:41:30,350
lot of criticism that maybe the agency

844
00:41:34,390 --> 00:41:32,480
lost its edge there were folks inside

845
00:41:35,710 --> 00:41:34,400
the agency that started started losing

846
00:41:36,520 --> 00:41:35,720
their confidence thinking maybe we can't

847
00:41:38,560 --> 00:41:36,530
do this anymore

848
00:41:40,480 --> 00:41:38,570
two and a half years later and we flew

849
00:41:42,160 --> 00:41:40,490
and then landed that flight and showed

850
00:41:43,990 --> 00:41:42,170
that no we really can't overcome really

851
00:41:46,450 --> 00:41:44,000
really large problems will tough

852
00:41:48,340 --> 00:41:46,460
technical problems today just like we

853
00:41:50,680 --> 00:41:48,350
could 10 years ago 20 years ago 150

854
00:41:50,970 --> 00:41:50,690
years ago that was that was an important

855
00:41:56,060 --> 00:41:50,980
milestone

856
00:42:02,710 --> 00:41:57,880
every clears the

857
00:42:05,110 --> 00:42:02,720
on September 29th 1988 975 days after

858
00:42:07,990 --> 00:42:05,120
the loss of Challenger and her crew the

859
00:42:11,380 --> 00:42:08,000
orbiter discovery returns six veteran

860
00:42:14,170 --> 00:42:11,390
astronauts to space to deploy a tracking

861
00:42:18,310 --> 00:42:14,180
and data relay Center important to a

862
00:42:21,190 --> 00:42:18,320
number of NASA missions STS 26 proved to

863
00:42:24,340 --> 00:42:21,200
come back milestone over space chakra

864
00:42:27,310 --> 00:42:24,350
and initiated a tradition that survives

865
00:42:28,930 --> 00:42:27,320
with the program today during the flight

866
00:42:32,530 --> 00:42:28,940
we had roses show up in the Mission

867
00:42:34,990 --> 00:42:32,540
Control Center six roses five red one

868
00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:35,000
white and there was a card attached to

869
00:42:39,310 --> 00:42:36,290
it and it simply said congratulations

870
00:42:41,470 --> 00:42:39,320
return to flight we wish you well and it

871
00:42:44,620 --> 00:42:41,480
was signed Marc Terry and Mackenzie

872
00:42:47,020 --> 00:42:44,630
Shelton didn't know who they were but

873
00:42:48,970 --> 00:42:47,030
after the flight we threw the floral

874
00:42:51,280 --> 00:42:48,980
company we tracked them down so we could

875
00:42:52,900 --> 00:42:51,290
send him some pictures and and something

876
00:42:54,910 --> 00:42:52,910
to thank them for sending the roses to

877
00:42:57,940 --> 00:42:54,920
Mission Control so the next slide

878
00:43:00,460 --> 00:42:57,950
roses show up again and again it's five

879
00:43:02,440 --> 00:43:00,470
roses for the members of the crew and

880
00:43:04,780 --> 00:43:02,450
one rose for those who have lost their

881
00:43:06,430 --> 00:43:04,790
lives in this endeavour and so this

882
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:06,440
family they have become part of our

883
00:43:10,630 --> 00:43:07,970
family and they haven't missed a flight

884
00:43:12,850 --> 00:43:10,640
since every flight since that time and

885
00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:12,860
in to date and I suspect they're going

886
00:43:17,980 --> 00:43:14,090
to go right with us to the end the

887
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:17,990
shuttle program STS 26 ended on October

888
00:43:24,330 --> 00:43:19,010
30 1988

889
00:43:30,510 --> 00:43:27,180
with discoveries safe landing on runway

890
00:43:33,140 --> 00:43:30,520
one set the triumphant crew was greeted

891
00:43:38,809 --> 00:43:33,150
warmly by Vice President George Bush on

892
00:43:43,819 --> 00:43:41,089
there's something special about a return

893
00:43:46,370 --> 00:43:43,829
to flight that that makes you you have

894
00:43:48,469 --> 00:43:46,380
some trepidation because it's still

895
00:43:50,239 --> 00:43:48,479
fresh in your mind that you're frail and

896
00:43:54,919 --> 00:43:50,249
and you can make mistakes and you're

897
00:43:56,089 --> 00:43:54,929
human in the spring of 1990 the one and

898
00:43:58,039 --> 00:43:56,099
a half billion dollar Hubble Space

899
00:44:00,559 --> 00:43:58,049
Telescope was loaded into Space Shuttle

900
00:44:03,169 --> 00:44:00,569
Discovery's payload Bay and on April

901
00:44:09,620 --> 00:44:03,179
24th was sent aloft to be deployed to

902
00:44:15,079 --> 00:44:09,630
earth orbit on sts-31 early discovery go

903
00:44:16,809 --> 00:44:15,089
for Hubble release as envisioned Hubble

904
00:44:19,339 --> 00:44:16,819
would return never-before-seen images

905
00:44:21,849 --> 00:44:19,349
detailing our universe as it was

906
00:44:24,469 --> 00:44:21,859
millions upon millions of years before

907
00:44:28,009 --> 00:44:24,479
soon it would become clear that Hubble

908
00:44:29,779 --> 00:44:28,019
pictures were not several days later if

909
00:44:31,969 --> 00:44:29,789
not a couple of weeks we found out after

910
00:44:33,859 --> 00:44:31,979
we were back on earth that it had a

911
00:44:36,019 --> 00:44:33,869
problem with its vision and most of us

912
00:44:38,269 --> 00:44:36,029
were just devastated you know that year

913
00:44:39,679 --> 00:44:38,279
we had this marvelous instrument that we

914
00:44:42,589 --> 00:44:39,689
had put on orbit and it was gonna be

915
00:44:44,989 --> 00:44:42,599
useless it turned out that it wasn't

916
00:44:46,880 --> 00:44:44,999
useless at all because even as with its

917
00:44:49,099 --> 00:44:46,890
flaw it was still a much better

918
00:44:50,899 --> 00:44:49,109
telescope than anything if we had you

919
00:44:53,329 --> 00:44:50,909
know on earth a shuttle mission

920
00:44:55,640 --> 00:44:53,339
dedicated to the telescope's repair was

921
00:44:58,130 --> 00:44:55,650
planned in essence Hubble's

922
00:45:00,229 --> 00:44:58,140
nearsightedness would be corrected with

923
00:45:02,179 --> 00:45:00,239
a new pair of glasses liftoff of the

924
00:45:03,589 --> 00:45:02,189
space shuttle Endeavour on an ambitious

925
00:45:07,579 --> 00:45:03,599
mission to service the Hubble Space

926
00:45:09,669 --> 00:45:07,589
Telescope we finally flew sts-61 which

927
00:45:14,719 --> 00:45:09,679
was the first Hubble servicing nation

928
00:45:16,429 --> 00:45:14,729
absolutely incredible mission you cannot

929
00:45:18,919 --> 00:45:16,439
take the 84 inch mirror out of the

930
00:45:21,079 --> 00:45:18,929
telescope it's part of structure too big

931
00:45:23,749 --> 00:45:21,089
it's there so by putting in one box

932
00:45:25,189 --> 00:45:23,759
called co-star and we're able to correct

933
00:45:27,289 --> 00:45:25,199
air brake light for five other

934
00:45:29,029 --> 00:45:27,299
instruments of all the space shuttle

935
00:45:31,540 --> 00:45:29,039
missions we've flown it was without a

936
00:45:33,790 --> 00:45:31,550
doubt the most ambitious flight

937
00:45:37,720 --> 00:45:33,800
but the one that I think demonstrated

938
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:37,730
NASA's can-do attitude its technological

939
00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:41,210
skill its technical capability and the

940
00:45:47,310 --> 00:45:45,170
spirit of its people two teams of

941
00:45:50,020 --> 00:45:47,320
astronauts made a record five

942
00:45:53,560 --> 00:45:50,030
back-to-back spacewalks to refurbish

943
00:45:56,810 --> 00:45:53,570
Hubble and realize her potential to all

944
00:46:02,450 --> 00:45:56,820
and a staff

945
00:46:05,609 --> 00:46:02,460
[Music]

946
00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:08,289
while Hubble servicing missions were

947
00:46:13,630 --> 00:46:10,910
very important the true gift of a

948
00:46:17,079 --> 00:46:13,640
maneuverable shuttle assume realized in

949
00:46:19,359 --> 00:46:17,089
a very different rescue mission booster

950
00:46:21,039 --> 00:46:19,369
ignition and liftoff of the maiden

951
00:46:23,620 --> 00:46:21,049
voyage of Endeavour on a satellite

952
00:46:26,970 --> 00:46:23,630
rescue mission months earlier in May of

953
00:46:30,250 --> 00:46:26,980
1992 the seven astronauts of sts-49

954
00:46:32,799 --> 00:46:30,260
overcame initial setbacks to pluck the

955
00:46:35,829 --> 00:46:32,809
hundred and eighty million dollar Intel

956
00:46:39,910 --> 00:46:35,839
SATs six communication satellite from an

957
00:46:42,700 --> 00:46:39,920
unusable orbit it was going to be a very

958
00:46:44,380 --> 00:46:42,710
simple rendezvous you know get close

959
00:46:46,089 --> 00:46:44,390
bring the satellite down close and

960
00:46:47,890 --> 00:46:46,099
grapple it with the remote manipulator

961
00:46:49,630 --> 00:46:47,900
system everything that could go wrong

962
00:46:53,289 --> 00:46:49,640
went wrong they got up there to capture

963
00:46:55,480 --> 00:46:53,299
it the bar we tap the satellite and the

964
00:47:07,690 --> 00:46:55,490
and the with the bar and the satellite

965
00:47:09,609 --> 00:47:07,700
started moving out of control it can be

966
00:47:11,500 --> 00:47:09,619
very difficult catching something like a

967
00:47:14,319 --> 00:47:11,510
tumbling satellite in space the

968
00:47:16,480 --> 00:47:14,329
slightest touch or miss touch by the

969
00:47:18,430 --> 00:47:16,490
astronaut with the equipment and you can

970
00:47:19,900 --> 00:47:18,440
send that satellite tumbling here like

971
00:47:21,970 --> 00:47:19,910
you're the one who I'm in a jar like you

972
00:47:27,069 --> 00:47:21,980
say alright okay the other time right is

973
00:47:29,410 --> 00:47:27,079
just right so it was very touch-and-go

974
00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:29,420
on that mission actually commander Dan

975
00:47:33,970 --> 00:47:31,970
brandenstein and pilot Kevin Chilton are

976
00:47:36,039 --> 00:47:33,980
preparing for the upcoming terminal

977
00:47:37,569 --> 00:47:36,049
initiate burn after several days of

978
00:47:40,299 --> 00:47:37,579
failed attempts with endeavours remote

979
00:47:42,300 --> 00:47:40,309
arm commander Dan brandenstein literally

980
00:47:50,840 --> 00:47:42,310
tries a new approach

981
00:47:53,910 --> 00:47:50,850
yeah real easy guys and endeavors helm

982
00:47:56,330 --> 00:47:53,920
brandenstein delicately maneuvers the

983
00:47:59,940 --> 00:47:56,340
orbiter up to the four and a half tonne

984
00:48:02,610 --> 00:47:59,950
Intelsat six the satellite is is rolling

985
00:48:04,020 --> 00:48:02,620
out of control in three different axes

986
00:48:06,990 --> 00:48:04,030
at once and you could actually fly the

987
00:48:10,830 --> 00:48:07,000
shuttle and fly this maneuver around and

988
00:48:14,790 --> 00:48:10,840
keep it aligned with it right here three

989
00:48:16,530 --> 00:48:14,800
people grabbed 18,000 pounds aware that

990
00:48:18,860 --> 00:48:16,540
any miscue could endanger not only the

991
00:48:21,390 --> 00:48:18,870
satellite but also the ride home

992
00:48:24,540 --> 00:48:21,400
spacewalkers peer through it Tom Akers

993
00:48:33,280 --> 00:48:24,550
and Rick he'd reach out and secure the

994
00:48:48,990 --> 00:48:42,980
[Music]

995
00:48:54,810 --> 00:48:52,890
a night job guys until sat 6 is released

996
00:48:57,120 --> 00:48:54,820
from the cargo bay with a new mini

997
00:48:59,220 --> 00:48:57,130
rocket motor for a gentle push to its

998
00:49:02,890 --> 00:48:59,230
proper orbit where it remains today

999
00:49:07,780 --> 00:49:05,920
and as the shuttle program ature so it

1000
00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:07,790
seemed it relationships between the

1001
00:49:16,930 --> 00:49:14,930
worlds spacefaring nations on STS 47 the

1002
00:49:18,910 --> 00:49:16,940
50th space shuttle mission saw the

1003
00:49:22,690 --> 00:49:18,920
orbiter endeavour back in space on

1004
00:49:24,310 --> 00:49:22,700
September 12 1992 the mission was a

1005
00:49:26,920 --> 00:49:24,320
cooperative Space Lab venture between

1006
00:49:29,140 --> 00:49:26,930
Japan and the United States that brought

1007
00:49:31,390 --> 00:49:29,150
the first Japanese astronaut into orbit

1008
00:49:31,960 --> 00:49:31,400
as a member of the seven person shuttle

1009
00:49:34,990 --> 00:49:31,970
foods

1010
00:49:37,740 --> 00:49:35,000
the Space Shuttle has launched people

1011
00:49:40,420 --> 00:49:37,750
from different nations around this world

1012
00:49:45,850 --> 00:49:40,430
that used to feel they could never ever

1013
00:49:50,500 --> 00:49:45,860
work together and it has ushered us from

1014
00:49:53,440 --> 00:49:50,510
the Cold War to this really cooperative

1015
00:49:55,900 --> 00:49:53,450
space program that we have with our

1016
00:49:58,240 --> 00:49:55,910
international partners including the

1017
00:50:01,630 --> 00:49:58,250
former Soviet regardless of what

1018
00:50:06,010 --> 00:50:01,640
language you speak you speak in love

1019
00:50:08,710 --> 00:50:06,020
space and that's pretty cool people we

1020
00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:08,720
have a lot in common with engineers and

1021
00:50:12,380 --> 00:50:09,690
scientists

1022
00:50:16,160 --> 00:50:12,390
that's kind of fun working program like

1023
00:50:18,529 --> 00:50:16,170
this on february 3rd 1995 Eileen Collins

1024
00:50:20,750 --> 00:50:18,539
the first woman to pilot a shuttle was

1025
00:50:23,329 --> 00:50:20,760
at the helm as discovery gave the u.s.

1026
00:50:23,930 --> 00:50:23,339
its first up-close look at the MIR Space

1027
00:50:25,849 --> 00:50:23,940
Station

1028
00:50:27,700 --> 00:50:25,859
Collins flew the shuttle through a

1029
00:50:30,410 --> 00:50:27,710
series of intricate maneuvers

1030
00:50:33,319 --> 00:50:30,420
approaching within 37 feet of the

1031
00:50:36,440 --> 00:50:33,329
Russian spacecraft and later performing

1032
00:50:38,329 --> 00:50:36,450
the fly around by hand and liftoff with

1033
00:50:39,650 --> 00:50:38,339
a space shuttle Atlantis on a mission

1034
00:50:42,140 --> 00:50:39,660
that will herald a new day of

1035
00:50:45,650 --> 00:50:42,150
international cooperation in space four

1036
00:50:47,690 --> 00:50:45,660
months later on June 27th 1995 shuttle

1037
00:50:51,589 --> 00:50:47,700
Atlantis would lift off from the Kennedy

1038
00:50:54,799 --> 00:50:51,599
Space Center to begin STS 71 the u.s.

1039
00:50:57,170 --> 00:50:54,809
space programs one hundredth human space

1040
00:50:59,029 --> 00:50:57,180
mission it would take two more days

1041
00:51:01,549 --> 00:50:59,039
before Atlantis caught up with and

1042
00:51:09,890 --> 00:51:01,559
performed the first shuttle docking with

1043
00:51:12,220 --> 00:51:09,900
the MIR space station orbiting 220 miles

1044
00:51:15,400 --> 00:51:12,230
above the earth the most unique and

1045
00:51:18,890 --> 00:51:15,410
historic celebration took place

1046
00:51:21,800 --> 00:51:18,900
[Applause]

1047
00:51:25,130 --> 00:51:21,810
as the MIR Space Station welcomed its

1048
00:51:27,620 --> 00:51:25,140
first American guests cosmonauts and

1049
00:51:30,410 --> 00:51:27,630
astronauts together broke figurative

1050
00:51:33,460 --> 00:51:30,420
bread tortillas and fruit to be exact

1051
00:51:36,890 --> 00:51:33,470
in a renewed spirit of cooperation

1052
00:51:39,140 --> 00:51:36,900
together shuttle and MIR formed the

1053
00:51:42,770 --> 00:51:39,150
largest flying spacecraft the world had

1054
00:51:45,080 --> 00:51:42,780
yet to see it tipped the scales at 250

1055
00:51:49,370 --> 00:51:45,090
metric tons more than a half a million

1056
00:51:52,160 --> 00:51:49,380
pounds between 1994 98 the shuttle-mir

1057
00:51:57,110 --> 00:51:52,170
program would involve 11 shuttle

1058
00:51:59,870 --> 00:51:57,120
missions including in 1996 STS 76 which

1059
00:52:02,330 --> 00:51:59,880
he began a continuous u.s. presence

1060
00:52:05,510 --> 00:52:02,340
aboard the Russian space station with a

1061
00:52:07,930 --> 00:52:05,520
visit by Atlantis barely fluent in

1062
00:52:10,880 --> 00:52:07,940
Russian astronaut Shannon lucid a

1063
00:52:12,530 --> 00:52:10,890
biochemist embarked upon a mission that

1064
00:52:15,740 --> 00:52:12,540
would dramatically enhance our

1065
00:52:17,990 --> 00:52:15,750
understanding of life in space when she

1066
00:52:20,810 --> 00:52:18,000
finally landed at Edwards Air Force Base

1067
00:52:23,000 --> 00:52:20,820
on shuttle Atlantis she held the female

1068
00:52:25,670 --> 00:52:23,010
space endurance record for spending a

1069
00:52:29,450 --> 00:52:25,680
hundred and eighty eight days in orbit a

1070
00:52:35,900 --> 00:52:29,460
hero's welcome was in store I'm here to

1071
00:52:39,860 --> 00:52:35,910
say welcome home to Shannon lucid by the

1072
00:52:41,870 --> 00:52:39,870
time shuttle Mir ended with STS 91 seven

1073
00:52:44,180 --> 00:52:41,880
American astronauts had completed

1074
00:52:45,080 --> 00:52:44,190
extended stays aboard the Russian space

1075
00:52:47,150 --> 00:52:45,090
station

1076
00:52:49,310 --> 00:52:47,160
Tatiana met Eva I became very good

1077
00:52:50,870 --> 00:52:49,320
friends with and I remember us sitting

1078
00:52:53,570 --> 00:52:50,880
in Red Square having dinner together

1079
00:52:56,990 --> 00:52:53,580
with a full moon and remembering when I

1080
00:52:58,910 --> 00:52:57,000
was a child all those those parades as

1081
00:53:01,190 --> 00:52:58,920
May Day parades with the tanks going by

1082
00:53:02,260 --> 00:53:01,200
and here we were sitting there having a

1083
00:53:05,630 --> 00:53:02,270
nice dinner under the

1084
00:53:08,990 --> 00:53:05,640
with a lot of friendship so it just goes

1085
00:53:11,029 --> 00:53:09,000
to show how space can unite people and

1086
00:53:14,000 --> 00:53:11,039
that's one of I think one of the biggest

1087
00:53:15,920 --> 00:53:14,010
benefits eight cosmonauts had flown to

1088
00:53:18,319 --> 00:53:15,930
Mir on the u.s. shuttle and NASA

1089
00:53:20,079 --> 00:53:18,329
astronaut norm thagard had become the

1090
00:53:24,090 --> 00:53:20,089
first American to fly there or any

1091
00:53:24,100 --> 00:53:35,280
[Music]

1092
00:53:41,460 --> 00:53:38,850
in 2001 15 years after its commissioning

1093
00:53:44,760 --> 00:53:41,470
Muir would be abandoned to break up and

1094
00:53:47,010 --> 00:53:44,770
burn in Earth's atmosphere by then the

1095
00:53:49,980 --> 00:53:47,020
process of building upon mears legacy of

1096
00:53:52,250 --> 00:53:49,990
international cooperation in space had

1097
00:53:55,410 --> 00:53:52,260
already begun

1098
00:53:57,750 --> 00:53:55,420
whereas sts-61 had helped establish the

1099
00:54:02,220 --> 00:53:57,760
hubble space telescope as an icon of

1100
00:54:05,630 --> 00:54:02,230
American ingenuity sts-95 would update

1101
00:54:11,040 --> 00:54:05,640
the heroes credentials of one john clam

1102
00:54:13,140 --> 00:54:11,050
on october 29th 1998 almost 37 years

1103
00:54:15,540 --> 00:54:13,150
after becoming the first American to

1104
00:54:16,560 --> 00:54:15,550
orbit the earth as an original mercury 7

1105
00:54:20,130 --> 00:54:16,570
astronaut

1106
00:54:23,660 --> 00:54:20,140
Glenn now a 77 year old former US

1107
00:54:26,550 --> 00:54:23,670
senator made his return to space in

1108
00:54:28,980 --> 00:54:26,560
contrast to his first flight a three

1109
00:54:31,920 --> 00:54:28,990
orbit four and a half hour for a inside

1110
00:54:34,170 --> 00:54:31,930
the snug friendship 7 capsule liftoff of

1111
00:54:38,370 --> 00:54:34,180
discovery with a crew of six astronauts

1112
00:54:42,090 --> 00:54:38,380
heroes one American legend sts-95 would

1113
00:54:44,220 --> 00:54:42,100
take eight days and circle the earth 134

1114
00:54:46,470 --> 00:54:44,230
times my main reason for being on that

1115
00:54:50,070 --> 00:54:46,480
shuttle flight was to do research on

1116
00:54:51,810 --> 00:54:50,080
Aging I was 77 we went up and you know

1117
00:54:53,850 --> 00:54:51,820
NASA has charted some 52 different

1118
00:54:55,440 --> 00:54:53,860
things changes that occur in the human

1119
00:54:58,140 --> 00:54:55,450
body and you've been to space for a

1120
00:54:59,580 --> 00:54:58,150
period of time and the several of those

1121
00:55:01,590 --> 00:54:59,590
are very similar to what happens to the

1122
00:55:04,470 --> 00:55:01,600
natural process of Aging right here on

1123
00:55:05,850 --> 00:55:04,480
earth body's immune system changes you

1124
00:55:08,910 --> 00:55:05,860
get less resistant to disease and

1125
00:55:11,460 --> 00:55:08,920
infection body's ability to absorb

1126
00:55:13,140 --> 00:55:11,470
protein back into the muscles changes

1127
00:55:16,470 --> 00:55:13,150
for the young people up there and for

1128
00:55:17,970 --> 00:55:16,480
elderly here on earth the objective was

1129
00:55:20,520 --> 00:55:17,980
to take those things that are the same

1130
00:55:23,880 --> 00:55:20,530
and see if we couldn't find any

1131
00:55:25,380 --> 00:55:23,890
differences between my experience up

1132
00:55:27,900 --> 00:55:25,390
there and they're younger and the

1133
00:55:29,610 --> 00:55:27,910
younger people I would fly with and with

1134
00:55:31,350 --> 00:55:29,620
the idea of finding in the human body

1135
00:55:33,660 --> 00:55:31,360
what turns these different systems on

1136
00:55:35,250 --> 00:55:33,670
and off if we could do that we might be

1137
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:35,260
able to make it possible for people to

1138
00:55:40,020 --> 00:55:37,810
stay in space longer but without harmful

1139
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:40,030
effects and maybe cut out some of the

1140
00:55:44,030 --> 00:55:41,710
frailties of old age right here on earth

1141
00:55:46,670 --> 00:55:44,040
I really was happy to be because

1142
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:46,680
that flight an interesting twist of fate

1143
00:55:51,470 --> 00:55:48,810
astronaut Glenn not only inspired both

1144
00:55:53,810 --> 00:55:51,480
the young and old around the globe but

1145
00:55:56,960 --> 00:55:53,820
also a fresh political science and

1146
00:56:00,320 --> 00:55:56,970
economics graduate lori garver the 18th

1147
00:56:02,960 --> 00:56:00,330
deputy administrator of nasa having the

1148
00:56:05,450 --> 00:56:02,970
ability at nasa to fly him again in

1149
00:56:07,730 --> 00:56:05,460
space after his first flight was

1150
00:56:10,610 --> 00:56:07,740
something we I think gave the nation and

1151
00:56:12,380 --> 00:56:10,620
it really helped explain what we were

1152
00:56:14,330 --> 00:56:12,390
doing on the space shuttle

1153
00:56:16,460 --> 00:56:14,340
John Glenn was very very focused on

1154
00:56:19,460 --> 00:56:16,470
doing that experience those experiments

1155
00:56:22,250 --> 00:56:19,470
for both I think the older generation

1156
00:56:24,410 --> 00:56:22,260
but he was also an inspiration to people

1157
00:56:26,770 --> 00:56:24,420
growing up discovery carried a variety

1158
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:26,780
of payloads and research experiments

1159
00:56:31,580 --> 00:56:29,910
arguably the one most valuable was Glenn

1160
00:56:33,830 --> 00:56:31,590
himself not only did he provide

1161
00:56:36,590 --> 00:56:33,840
first-time data on what spaceflight

1162
00:56:38,780 --> 00:56:36,600
might do to the body of a septa Gennari

1163
00:56:41,240 --> 00:56:38,790
Glenn also renewed the interest of the

1164
00:56:43,610 --> 00:56:41,250
nation and the world in America's space

1165
00:56:46,190 --> 00:56:43,620
shuttle program while the program had

1166
00:56:48,500 --> 00:56:46,200
and continued to successfully deploy

1167
00:56:51,050 --> 00:56:48,510
winning service science probes and

1168
00:56:53,900 --> 00:56:51,060
satellites as well as conduct on-orbit

1169
00:56:58,010 --> 00:56:53,910
research the Space Shuttle undertook a

1170
00:57:00,950 --> 00:56:58,020
new long-range task perfectly suited to

1171
00:57:02,660 --> 00:57:00,960
her specialized capabilities you've got

1172
00:57:05,720 --> 00:57:02,670
a spacecraft that can carry at least

1173
00:57:08,810 --> 00:57:05,730
seven people into orbit and with those

1174
00:57:12,380 --> 00:57:08,820
seven people you can do a huge amount of

1175
00:57:14,210 --> 00:57:12,390
work one mission you can do multiple evh

1176
00:57:17,270 --> 00:57:14,220
you've got multiple crew members you've

1177
00:57:21,040 --> 00:57:17,280
got a huge payload and it's all kinds of

1178
00:57:23,450 --> 00:57:21,050
capabilities to be able to construct

1179
00:57:25,850 --> 00:57:23,460
less than two weeks after the Glenn's

1180
00:57:28,580 --> 00:57:25,860
returned to Earth a Russian Proton

1181
00:57:31,910 --> 00:57:28,590
rocket departs the Baikonur cosmodrome

1182
00:57:34,040 --> 00:57:31,920
in Kazakhstan carrying the Zarya module

1183
00:57:35,870 --> 00:57:34,050
the first component of the new

1184
00:57:37,940 --> 00:57:35,880
International Space Station liftoff of

1185
00:57:40,040 --> 00:57:37,950
the proton rocket and the Zarya control

1186
00:57:42,230 --> 00:57:40,050
module International Space Station is

1187
00:57:43,700 --> 00:57:42,240
underway two weeks after that space

1188
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:43,710
shuttle Endeavour follows up with

1189
00:57:49,100 --> 00:57:47,010
delivery of America's unity module the

1190
00:57:53,890 --> 00:57:49,110
second piece of this largest space

1191
00:57:58,950 --> 00:57:55,750
oh yeah

1192
00:58:05,400 --> 00:58:02,040
mob until July 2000 will the Russian

1193
00:58:07,500 --> 00:58:05,410
Zvezda module yet finally allowing for

1194
00:58:09,870 --> 00:58:07,510
treating Russian cosmonauts and their

1195
00:58:12,510 --> 00:58:09,880
American expedition one commander bill

1196
00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:12,520
shepherd to journey aboard a Soyuz

1197
00:58:18,890 --> 00:58:14,710
spacecraft to the International Space

1198
00:58:21,750 --> 00:58:18,900
Station and begin humankind's continuous

1199
00:58:25,260 --> 00:58:21,760
extraterrestrial presence across the

1200
00:58:28,109 --> 00:58:25,270
world people are very very interested in

1201
00:58:30,599 --> 00:58:28,119
and delighted by the International Space

1202
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:30,609
Station and the science that has taken

1203
00:58:35,309 --> 00:58:33,010
place there since only an orbiters

1204
00:58:38,480 --> 00:58:35,319
payload Bay could hold the station's

1205
00:58:43,170 --> 00:58:38,490
largest components the multi-year

1206
00:58:46,200 --> 00:58:43,180
multi-million servicing of the ISS with

1207
00:58:49,620 --> 00:58:46,210
cargo and crew would become primarily a

1208
00:58:51,930 --> 00:58:49,630
job for the shuttle amid these dynamic

1209
00:58:53,760 --> 00:58:51,940
station building missions one seemingly

1210
00:58:56,579 --> 00:58:53,770
simple and relatively uncomplicated

1211
00:59:00,000 --> 00:58:56,589
flight would prove problematic and

1212
00:59:06,790 --> 00:59:00,010
threaten the very future of America's

1213
00:59:12,080 --> 00:59:09,560
since 1988 the Space Shuttle had

1214
00:59:14,510 --> 00:59:12,090
completed 15 years of successful

1215
00:59:17,359 --> 00:59:14,520
missions each was unique each had its

1216
00:59:19,460 --> 00:59:17,369
own specific goals and tasks and each

1217
00:59:22,430 --> 00:59:19,470
had its own dedicated crew of astronauts

1218
00:59:25,490 --> 00:59:22,440
who trained exhaustively to meet and

1219
00:59:28,270 --> 00:59:25,500
carry them out yet each of those 87

1220
00:59:31,370 --> 00:59:28,280
flights did have two things in common

1221
00:59:33,890 --> 00:59:31,380
the safe launch liftoff of the space

1222
00:59:36,339 --> 00:59:33,900
shuttle Discovery the safe land nose

1223
00:59:42,710 --> 00:59:39,920
for the starch sts-107 seemed to be a

1224
00:59:45,260 --> 00:59:42,720
mission out of sorts by the time

1225
00:59:50,359 --> 00:59:45,270
Columbia was finally ready to fly on

1226
00:59:52,310 --> 00:59:50,369
January 16th 2003 its planned 16-day

1227
00:59:54,859 --> 00:59:52,320
mission had been delayed no fewer than

1228
00:59:57,170 --> 00:59:54,869
18 times all those delays have

1229
00:59:59,240 --> 00:59:57,180
ultimately positioned the sts-107 as a

1230
01:00:01,370 --> 00:59:59,250
sort of black sheep on the space shuttle

1231
01:00:03,380 --> 01:00:01,380
programs launch schedule

1232
01:00:05,750 --> 01:00:03,390
Columbia's crew commander Rick husband

1233
01:00:08,390 --> 01:00:05,760
pilot Willie McCool and mission

1234
01:00:12,250 --> 01:00:08,400
specialists Michael Anderson kapner

1235
01:00:15,620 --> 01:00:12,260
chavala Dave Brown Laurel Clark and

1236
01:00:19,040 --> 01:00:15,630
Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon would not

1237
01:00:21,290 --> 01:00:19,050
go the National Space Station their

1238
01:00:23,690 --> 01:00:21,300
flight would require nothing more risky

1239
01:00:26,359 --> 01:00:23,700
than orbiting the earth booster ignition

1240
01:00:27,780 --> 01:00:26,369
and liftoff of space shuttle Columbia

1241
01:00:29,550 --> 01:00:27,790
with a multitude

1242
01:00:32,490 --> 01:00:29,560
and International Space Research

1243
01:00:34,710 --> 01:00:32,500
experiments 82 seconds after launch what

1244
01:00:37,530 --> 01:00:34,720
was later described as a suitcase size

1245
01:00:40,590 --> 01:00:37,540
transcript frozen foam insulation breaks

1246
01:00:42,480 --> 01:00:40,600
off Columbia's external tank and strikes

1247
01:00:48,180 --> 01:00:42,490
the leading edge of the orbiters left

1248
01:00:50,390 --> 01:00:48,190
wing a routine same-day video review of

1249
01:00:53,730 --> 01:00:50,400
the launch would reveal nothing unusual

1250
01:00:56,130 --> 01:00:53,740
however higher resolution tracking

1251
01:00:59,280 --> 01:00:56,140
camera film processed overnight and

1252
01:01:02,340 --> 01:00:59,290
reviewed on flight day - by the missions

1253
01:01:04,050 --> 01:01:02,350
assent team showed otherwise you saw

1254
01:01:07,170 --> 01:01:04,060
this little thing float toward the

1255
01:01:09,360 --> 01:01:07,180
leading edge of the wing and like you

1256
01:01:10,650 --> 01:01:09,370
know it was like a snowball hitting

1257
01:01:13,920 --> 01:01:10,660
something and then just being pulverized

1258
01:01:16,980 --> 01:01:13,930
but but when you saw it hit ooh we just

1259
01:01:19,110 --> 01:01:16,990
we just winced because we knew you know

1260
01:01:21,890 --> 01:01:19,120
the vehicles going 500 miles an hour or

1261
01:01:24,650 --> 01:01:21,900
better it was inconceivable in hindsight

1262
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:24,660
that you could have that kind of impact

1263
01:01:29,970 --> 01:01:27,910
at the speed that the vehicle was going

1264
01:01:32,610 --> 01:01:29,980
and assumed that there was no damage and

1265
01:01:34,710 --> 01:01:32,620
that's what we we allowed ourselves to

1266
01:01:37,380 --> 01:01:34,720
feel comfortable that we were right and

1267
01:01:39,630 --> 01:01:37,390
we were dead wrong due to limitations in

1268
01:01:41,940 --> 01:01:39,640
the visual clarity the exact point of

1269
01:01:44,370 --> 01:01:41,950
impact and extent of any damage could

1270
01:01:46,620 --> 01:01:44,380
not be determined if the foam strike had

1271
01:01:48,750 --> 01:01:46,630
compromised Columbia's integrity little

1272
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:48,760
if anything can be done to repair the

1273
01:01:54,440 --> 01:01:51,310
orbiter in space one week after launch

1274
01:01:58,110 --> 01:01:54,450
Mission Control emails the crew

1275
01:02:00,210 --> 01:01:58,120
informing of the debris strike save for

1276
01:02:03,180 --> 01:02:00,220
a relatively minor problem with a leaky

1277
01:02:05,730 --> 01:02:03,190
refrigeration unit sts-107 had been

1278
01:02:07,560 --> 01:02:05,740
without further incident as scheduled

1279
01:02:10,230 --> 01:02:07,570
the order is given on the morning of

1280
01:02:12,660 --> 01:02:10,240
February first for the Columbia crew to

1281
01:02:16,530 --> 01:02:12,670
begin the landing procedure and come

1282
01:02:19,020 --> 01:02:16,540
home to Florida traveling in excess of

1283
01:02:21,630 --> 01:02:19,030
12,000 miles per hour the orbiters belly

1284
01:02:24,180 --> 01:02:21,640
begins to glow red as it descends into

1285
01:02:27,540 --> 01:02:24,190
Earth's atmosphere that's why I have

1286
01:02:29,340 --> 01:02:27,550
just lost four separate temperature

1287
01:02:29,790 --> 01:02:29,350
transducers on the left side of the

1288
01:02:32,670 --> 01:02:29,800
vehicle

1289
01:02:34,410 --> 01:02:32,680
hydraulic return temperatures as reentry

1290
01:02:37,200 --> 01:02:34,420
started and as the ground track went

1291
01:02:39,390 --> 01:02:37,210
went across the states there's a the

1292
01:02:40,910 --> 01:02:39,400
ground track that course changes color

1293
01:02:43,270 --> 01:02:40,920
you can tell where the shuttle

1294
01:02:46,010 --> 01:02:43,280
is over what part of the country it is

1295
01:02:48,230 --> 01:02:46,020
well that display stopped update you in

1296
01:02:50,600 --> 01:02:48,240
other words that display to froze in a

1297
01:02:53,000 --> 01:02:50,610
certain position well sometimes you have

1298
01:02:55,490 --> 01:02:53,010
loss of data you have some problem with

1299
01:02:57,170 --> 01:02:55,500
the system on the ground of where you'll

1300
01:03:01,030 --> 01:02:57,180
have those kind of outages temporarily

1301
01:03:03,860 --> 01:03:01,040
well this lasted a bit longer then the

1302
01:03:07,400 --> 01:03:03,870
call went up to the crew you know call

1303
01:03:09,850 --> 01:03:07,410
went up and no response well I know I

1304
01:03:13,030 --> 01:03:09,860
just I just began to feel uneasy

1305
01:03:18,699 --> 01:03:13,040
Columbia Houston UHF comm check

1306
01:03:21,859 --> 01:03:18,709
[Music]

1307
01:03:25,009 --> 01:03:21,869
at speeds above Mach 20 the stress

1308
01:03:28,170 --> 01:03:25,019
becomes too much for the orbiter we do

1309
01:03:31,109 --> 01:03:28,180
not have any valid data at this time

1310
01:03:33,510 --> 01:03:31,119
the suitcase sized chunk of folk had

1311
01:03:35,670 --> 01:03:33,520
indeed touched a bowling ball sized hole

1312
01:03:38,099 --> 01:03:35,680
in the leading edge of Columbia's left

1313
01:03:40,500 --> 01:03:38,109
wing within seconds internal

1314
01:03:42,559 --> 01:03:40,510
temperatures spiked signaling the

1315
01:03:46,140 --> 01:03:42,569
cascade of structural disintegration

1316
01:03:48,539 --> 01:03:46,150
only 16 minutes from home space shuttle

1317
01:03:53,299 --> 01:03:48,549
Columbia breaks apart in the skies over

1318
01:04:09,829 --> 01:03:58,940
GC plant-wide is a block the doors happy

1319
01:04:09,839 --> 01:04:13,839
the grief is heavy

1320
01:04:24,160 --> 01:04:17,529
our nation shares in your sorrow and in

1321
01:04:28,359 --> 01:04:24,170
your pride and today we remember not

1322
01:04:38,640 --> 01:04:28,369
only one moment of tragedy but seven

1323
01:04:43,329 --> 01:04:41,650
within days hundreds of professionals

1324
01:04:45,849 --> 01:04:43,339
from federal and state agencies across

1325
01:04:47,769 --> 01:04:45,859
the country arrived in these Texas they

1326
01:04:50,559 --> 01:04:47,779
are joined by local volunteers to help

1327
01:04:52,930 --> 01:04:50,569
NASA recover and catalog debris from

1328
01:04:55,239 --> 01:04:52,940
Columbia in the hopes of literally

1329
01:04:58,029 --> 01:04:55,249
piecing together an answer to the

1330
01:05:00,279 --> 01:04:58,039
accidents caused this is one of the many

1331
01:05:05,259 --> 01:05:00,289
obstacles investigators are up against

1332
01:05:09,370 --> 01:05:05,269
it was really heartwarming and very

1333
01:05:12,009 --> 01:05:09,380
emotional for me too to see all of these

1334
01:05:15,279 --> 01:05:12,019
people from around the country come in

1335
01:05:17,499 --> 01:05:15,289
the Piney Woods of East Texas and spend

1336
01:05:20,079 --> 01:05:17,509
days and weeks there marching out

1337
01:05:22,059 --> 01:05:20,089
through these through the woods looking

1338
01:05:25,269 --> 01:05:22,069
for bits and pieces of their orbiter and

1339
01:05:27,609 --> 01:05:25,279
so forth if anybody ever wonders about

1340
01:05:29,680 --> 01:05:27,619
the the strength of the backbone of this

1341
01:05:31,779 --> 01:05:29,690
country then they ought to have the

1342
01:05:35,199 --> 01:05:31,789
privilege like I do to meet these people

1343
01:05:36,789 --> 01:05:35,209
who have come here to do this it just it

1344
01:05:39,350 --> 01:05:36,799
shows you the fabric of what this

1345
01:05:42,240 --> 01:05:39,360
country is made of

1346
01:05:44,760 --> 01:05:42,250
determined to return to flight stronger

1347
01:05:47,310 --> 01:05:44,770
and safer the grounded shuttle program

1348
01:05:51,840 --> 01:05:47,320
had taken a fresh look at itself during

1349
01:05:53,970 --> 01:05:51,850
my watch during my watch we lost the

1350
01:05:58,530 --> 01:05:53,980
Columbia crew and clearly as a flight

1351
01:06:01,140 --> 01:05:58,540
director of a context crew I think about

1352
01:06:04,110 --> 01:06:01,150
those every day every day I come to work

1353
01:06:05,820 --> 01:06:04,120
I need to be very vigilant I need to pay

1354
01:06:07,590 --> 01:06:05,830
attention and I need the people that

1355
01:06:08,790 --> 01:06:07,600
work for us in this business to pay

1356
01:06:10,770 --> 01:06:08,800
attention to what you're doing because

1357
01:06:13,800 --> 01:06:10,780
this is hard stuff that we do

1358
01:06:16,320 --> 01:06:13,810
it's very dangerous we have not figured

1359
01:06:20,630 --> 01:06:16,330
out a way to do a beam me up Scottie

1360
01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:20,640
right now it takes a lot of hydrocarbons

1361
01:06:25,650 --> 01:06:23,710
moving at very high speeds to fuel pumps

1362
01:06:28,950 --> 01:06:25,660
at very high temperatures high pressures

1363
01:06:30,600 --> 01:06:28,960
to get into space and it takes a

1364
01:06:32,250 --> 01:06:30,610
tremendous amount of effort to get out

1365
01:06:35,280 --> 01:06:32,260
of space back in the atmosphere and get

1366
01:06:37,380 --> 01:06:35,290
to get home I was sent out to David

1367
01:06:39,450 --> 01:06:37,390
Brown's parents home I'll never forget

1368
01:06:42,750 --> 01:06:39,460
this moment when Judge Brown looked at

1369
01:06:45,030 --> 01:06:42,760
me and said Leland my son is gone there

1370
01:06:47,760 --> 01:06:45,040
is nothing can do to bring him back but

1371
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:47,770
the biggest tragedy would be if you

1372
01:06:53,940 --> 01:06:49,810
don't continue to fly and carry on his

1373
01:06:55,320 --> 01:06:53,950
legacy each of the remaining three

1374
01:06:57,540 --> 01:06:55,330
orbiters was pulled apart and

1375
01:06:59,280 --> 01:06:57,550
refurbished new capabilities were

1376
01:07:01,650 --> 01:06:59,290
devised for the crew and mission

1377
01:07:04,850 --> 01:07:01,660
controllers to assess and repair damage

1378
01:07:09,930 --> 01:07:07,560
processes and procedures were also

1379
01:07:12,660 --> 01:07:09,940
reexamined and reinvigorated cruise

1380
01:07:14,730 --> 01:07:12,670
safety would never again be taken for

1381
01:07:16,440 --> 01:07:14,740
granted nearly two and a half years

1382
01:07:19,290 --> 01:07:16,450
would pass before the nation would see

1383
01:07:21,270 --> 01:07:19,300
another orbiter poised for launch from

1384
01:07:24,150 --> 01:07:21,280
the Kennedy Space Center the time that

1385
01:07:26,280 --> 01:07:24,160
we fly the flight it's something that it

1386
01:07:28,320 --> 01:07:26,290
feels like we have flown many times so

1387
01:07:30,630 --> 01:07:28,330
if things don't go well it becomes very

1388
01:07:31,590 --> 01:07:30,640
very natural for us to know at certain

1389
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:31,600
points during the mission if this

1390
01:07:35,010 --> 01:07:33,310
doesn't go well or if this significant

1391
01:07:36,720 --> 01:07:35,020
system breaks when we have this type of

1392
01:07:38,370 --> 01:07:36,730
emergency what's the most important

1393
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:38,380
thing we need to do now because we've

1394
01:07:41,790 --> 01:07:39,910
been rehearsing it and it makes it look

1395
01:07:44,010 --> 01:07:41,800
really easy you don't really get the

1396
01:07:46,410 --> 01:07:44,020
full effect of how much real preparation

1397
01:07:48,870 --> 01:07:46,420
how much real studying went into making

1398
01:07:51,240 --> 01:07:48,880
it look that easy of all the changes

1399
01:07:54,030 --> 01:07:51,250
accompanying the shuttles return to

1400
01:07:57,300 --> 01:07:54,040
flight none was more significant than

1401
01:08:00,420 --> 01:07:57,310
the one announced in early 2004 at NASA

1402
01:08:03,330 --> 01:08:00,430
headquarters by President Bush our first

1403
01:08:07,440 --> 01:08:03,340
goal is to complete the International

1404
01:08:10,350 --> 01:08:07,450
Space Station by 2010 we will finish

1405
01:08:12,690 --> 01:08:10,360
what we have started we will meet our

1406
01:08:14,630 --> 01:08:12,700
obligations to our 15 international

1407
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:14,640
partners on this project

1408
01:08:19,530 --> 01:08:17,110
the shuttles chief purpose over the next

1409
01:08:21,270 --> 01:08:19,540
several years will be to help finish

1410
01:08:28,380 --> 01:08:21,280
Assembly of the International Space

1411
01:08:31,410 --> 01:08:28,390
Station in 2010 the Space Shuttle after

1412
01:08:34,620 --> 01:08:31,420
nearly 30 years of Duty will be retired

1413
01:08:37,470 --> 01:08:34,630
from service even though each shuttle

1414
01:08:39,300 --> 01:08:37,480
was designed to fly 100 missions the

1415
01:08:41,940 --> 01:08:39,310
Columbia accident investigation board

1416
01:08:44,280 --> 01:08:41,950
called the shuttle an aging spacecraft

1417
01:08:47,220 --> 01:08:44,290
with the odds of losing another orbiter

1418
01:08:50,100 --> 01:08:47,230
and crew increasing with each subsequent

1419
01:08:53,090 --> 01:08:50,110
flight NASA's human spaceflight program

1420
01:08:56,220 --> 01:08:53,100
was faced with several basic challenges

1421
01:08:58,110 --> 01:08:56,230
including coming up with a successor to

1422
01:09:00,000 --> 01:08:58,120
the shuttle fleet however with an

1423
01:09:02,090 --> 01:09:00,010
impending cancellation of the shuttle

1424
01:09:04,740 --> 01:09:02,100
program looming shuttle managers

1425
01:09:07,410 --> 01:09:04,750
recommitted themselves to the paramount

1426
01:09:09,870 --> 01:09:07,420
task of safely completing the

1427
01:09:12,480 --> 01:09:09,880
International Space Station it would

1428
01:09:15,510 --> 01:09:12,490
become the program's mantra to be

1429
01:09:17,849 --> 01:09:15,520
repeated over and over again not only to

1430
01:09:20,790 --> 01:09:17,859
the media but also for every word

1431
01:09:23,940 --> 01:09:20,800
in the shuttle program no launch

1432
01:09:26,520 --> 01:09:23,950
schedule was too tight and no mission

1433
01:09:28,320 --> 01:09:26,530
too important to be rushed we are to

1434
01:09:30,480 --> 01:09:28,330
treat every flight in a sense as a

1435
01:09:32,520 --> 01:09:30,490
return to flight this is truly a test

1436
01:09:34,260 --> 01:09:32,530
program we go back we make sure

1437
01:09:35,849 --> 01:09:34,270
everything is right we double-check and

1438
01:09:37,380 --> 01:09:35,859
then we go commit into Flight Readiness

1439
01:09:41,790 --> 01:09:37,390
review that we're actually ready to go

1440
01:09:44,400 --> 01:09:41,800
fly on July 26 2005 discovery gets the

1441
01:09:46,320 --> 01:09:44,410
shuttle program flying again this is

1442
01:09:51,840 --> 01:09:46,330
shuttle launch control at t-minus 3

1443
01:09:54,820 --> 01:09:51,850
hours as our pilot now into the suit up

1444
01:10:20,790 --> 01:10:03,410
[Music]

1445
01:10:23,220 --> 01:10:20,800
alerting elodie years ago million people

1446
01:10:24,600 --> 01:10:23,230
who believe so deeply what we do good

1447
01:10:30,500 --> 01:10:24,610
luck Godspeed and have a little fun up

1448
01:10:37,380 --> 01:10:33,000
t-minus 10 seconds go for main engine

1449
01:10:41,910 --> 01:10:37,390
start seven six five three engines up

1450
01:10:43,740 --> 01:10:41,920
and burning three two one and liftoff of

1451
01:10:46,290 --> 01:10:43,750
space shuttle Discovery beginning

1452
01:10:47,790 --> 01:10:46,300
America's new journey and the vehicle

1453
01:10:50,760 --> 01:10:47,800
has cleared the tower

1454
01:10:53,830 --> 01:10:50,770
among the many changes instituted the

1455
01:10:59,420 --> 01:10:53,840
new r-bar pitch maneuver or backflip

1456
01:11:02,280 --> 01:10:59,430
[Applause]

1457
01:11:04,950 --> 01:11:02,290
will be used by each mission to the

1458
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:04,960
International Space Station at arrival

1459
01:11:10,770 --> 01:11:07,810
the end over end flip allows the station

1460
01:11:14,000 --> 01:11:10,780
crew to visually document the condition

1461
01:11:35,050 --> 01:11:14,010
of the shuttles valium notes

1462
01:11:52,259 --> 01:11:48,659
[Music]

1463
01:11:54,750 --> 01:11:52,269
discovery and the sts-114 crew safely

1464
01:11:57,709 --> 01:11:54,760
began a final phase of the shuttle

1465
01:12:02,009 --> 01:11:57,719
programs historic journey with a smooth

1466
01:12:09,419 --> 01:12:02,019
pre-dawn landing on August 9th 2005 at

1467
01:12:12,659 --> 01:12:09,429
the Edwards Air Force Base California DD

1468
01:12:16,649 --> 01:12:12,669
ray sweetie handy Vegas charlie Wendy

1469
01:12:18,989 --> 01:12:16,659
and Eileen welcomed home friends with

1470
01:12:21,479 --> 01:12:18,999
this practically rebuilt space

1471
01:12:23,939 --> 01:12:21,489
transportation system each remaining

1472
01:12:27,389 --> 01:12:23,949
shuttle mission would be safer than the

1473
01:12:29,549 --> 01:12:27,399
one before and its final flight the

1474
01:12:32,399 --> 01:12:29,559
safest it's almost like we've had kind

1475
01:12:34,259 --> 01:12:32,409
of three different space shuttle

1476
01:12:35,879 --> 01:12:34,269
programs first 10 years we're off

1477
01:12:37,799 --> 01:12:35,889
learning how to fly the thing deploying

1478
01:12:39,629 --> 01:12:37,809
satellites and flying laboratories in

1479
01:12:41,609 --> 01:12:39,639
the bag review next 10 years we're doing

1480
01:12:43,620 --> 01:12:41,619
more of that and we're going out on more

1481
01:12:45,540 --> 01:12:43,630
and more spacewalks and we fly up to the

1482
01:12:47,520 --> 01:12:45,550
MIR space station and in the last 10

1483
01:12:49,649 --> 01:12:47,530
years we use it to build about a million

1484
01:12:51,389 --> 01:12:49,659
pound space station in orbit which

1485
01:12:53,069 --> 01:12:51,399
wouldn't have been possible without Shaw

1486
01:12:55,859 --> 01:12:53,079
it's a heck of a machine when you look

1487
01:12:57,600 --> 01:12:55,869
at the Hubble Space Telescope that would

1488
01:12:59,250 --> 01:12:57,610
not have been possible without shuttle

1489
01:13:01,259 --> 01:12:59,260
and you look at the International Space

1490
01:13:04,379 --> 01:13:01,269
Station which certainly would not have

1491
01:13:06,529 --> 01:13:04,389
been possible without shuttle every

1492
01:13:09,359 --> 01:13:06,539
launch is an emotional experience

1493
01:13:12,359 --> 01:13:09,369
watching what this nation is done but

1494
01:13:15,389 --> 01:13:12,369
nASA has done with the NASA contractor

1495
01:13:18,029 --> 01:13:15,399
team it's awesome it's wonderful we

1496
01:13:21,000 --> 01:13:18,039
didn't spend a dime in space not one

1497
01:13:23,819 --> 01:13:21,010
single penny has been spent in space

1498
01:13:25,529 --> 01:13:23,829
every single penny that went into the

1499
01:13:28,770 --> 01:13:25,539
space shuttle program over its 30-plus

1500
01:13:31,399 --> 01:13:28,780
years was spent right here on earth 1

1501
01:13:33,839 --> 01:13:31,409
creating jobs growing our economy

1502
01:13:36,439 --> 01:13:33,849
creating technological development of

1503
01:13:39,810 --> 01:13:36,449
which we never dreamed advancing science

1504
01:13:41,850 --> 01:13:39,820
and technology even advancing the field

1505
01:13:44,159 --> 01:13:41,860
of Aeronautics it just impresses me what

1506
01:13:45,959 --> 01:13:44,169
people can do what people can do it's a

1507
01:13:49,979 --> 01:13:45,969
it's a big machine it's a nice machine

1508
01:13:52,199 --> 01:13:49,989
it's a fantastic engineering marvel in

1509
01:13:53,760 --> 01:13:52,209
my opinion the whole space shuttle but

1510
01:13:56,730 --> 01:13:53,770
what's the real marvel is

1511
01:13:59,130 --> 01:13:56,740
behind it then make it go having a space

1512
01:14:00,720 --> 01:13:59,140
show enabled us to be able to complete

1513
01:14:03,600 --> 01:14:00,730
our science and do some really great

1514
01:14:05,880 --> 01:14:03,610
things to advance the area of metallurgy

1515
01:14:07,320 --> 01:14:05,890
without the space shuttle an experiment

1516
01:14:09,480 --> 01:14:07,330
like this one could not have been

1517
01:14:11,820 --> 01:14:09,490
conducted the shuttle is very important

1518
01:14:14,970 --> 01:14:11,830
for us to learn and be able to conduct

1519
01:14:17,490 --> 01:14:14,980
long period experiments out of the 50

1520
01:14:21,780 --> 01:14:17,500
states 48 of them have vendors that

1521
01:14:26,330 --> 01:14:21,790
provide parts or equipment to the the

1522
01:14:28,620 --> 01:14:26,340
space shuttle program so it's a vast

1523
01:14:30,720 --> 01:14:28,630
cross-section of America that bakes the

1524
01:14:33,060 --> 01:14:30,730
American space program what it is change

1525
01:14:34,740 --> 01:14:33,070
is inevitable as much as people don't

1526
01:14:37,770 --> 01:14:34,750
like change that's the only thing that's

1527
01:14:39,480 --> 01:14:37,780
constant in our lives and we have to

1528
01:14:42,990 --> 01:14:39,490
change we have to transition from

1529
01:14:44,970 --> 01:14:43,000
shuttle to a new future which we're

1530
01:14:47,520 --> 01:14:44,980
going to define which can be even better

1531
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:47,530
a future that allows us to explore

1532
01:14:52,560 --> 01:14:49,810
beyond our home planet to seek our

1533
01:14:54,630 --> 01:14:52,570
destiny to learn what we couldn't

1534
01:14:57,170 --> 01:14:54,640
possibly learn if we were stuck in

1535
01:14:59,480 --> 01:14:57,180
low-earth orbit

1536
01:15:00,650 --> 01:14:59,490
and since its returned to flight the

1537
01:15:02,750 --> 01:15:00,660
shuttle program has been almost

1538
01:15:05,150 --> 01:15:02,760
singularly focused on completing

1539
01:15:07,370 --> 01:15:05,160
construction of the space station I

1540
01:15:09,230 --> 01:15:07,380
think back of all the challenges and all

1541
01:15:10,640 --> 01:15:09,240
the things that had to work right you

1542
01:15:12,440 --> 01:15:10,650
know a lot of these interfaces never

1543
01:15:14,600 --> 01:15:12,450
came together before all the shuttle

1544
01:15:16,490 --> 01:15:14,610
flights the 20-plus shuttle flights that

1545
01:15:18,740 --> 01:15:16,500
went into assembly all the Soyuz flights

1546
01:15:20,780 --> 01:15:18,750
to progress flights to see this station

1547
01:15:22,250 --> 01:15:20,790
come together in assembly is a true

1548
01:15:24,470 --> 01:15:22,260
testimony to the international

1549
01:15:26,360 --> 01:15:24,480
partnership this is probably the most

1550
01:15:28,490 --> 01:15:26,370
amazing research facility ever

1551
01:15:29,960 --> 01:15:28,500
constructed in space and it's

1552
01:15:33,260 --> 01:15:29,970
constructed internationally and it

1553
01:15:35,480 --> 01:15:33,270
operates every day 24 hours a day doing

1554
01:15:37,580 --> 01:15:35,490
world-class research internationally and

1555
01:15:39,170 --> 01:15:37,590
there is no more amazing facility than

1556
01:15:42,290 --> 01:15:39,180
what we have in orbit through and

1557
01:15:44,030 --> 01:15:42,300
possibly beyond 2020 the ISS will serve

1558
01:15:47,480 --> 01:15:44,040
as the world's first full-time research

1559
01:15:49,250 --> 01:15:47,490
laboratory in microgravity among zero-g

1560
01:15:51,590 --> 01:15:49,260
experiments already conducted aboard the

1561
01:15:53,210 --> 01:15:51,600
station several have led to promising

1562
01:15:56,390 --> 01:15:53,220
breakthroughs in research and treatment

1563
01:15:58,250 --> 01:15:56,400
of cancer many other on-orbit science

1564
01:16:00,770 --> 01:15:58,260
findings have the potential to

1565
01:16:03,770 --> 01:16:00,780
significantly improve the quality of

1566
01:16:07,520 --> 01:16:03,780
life back on earth in May 2009

1567
01:16:10,580 --> 01:16:07,530
Atlantis and its sts-125 crew took to

1568
01:16:12,800 --> 01:16:10,590
space not to visit the ISS but to return

1569
01:16:16,700 --> 01:16:12,810
to the Hubble Space Telescope for its

1570
01:16:19,160 --> 01:16:16,710
final servicing mission on five

1571
01:16:22,010 --> 01:16:19,170
spacewalks Atlantis astronauts repaired

1572
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:22,020
and upgraded a Hubble telescope to

1573
01:16:26,930 --> 01:16:24,210
significantly improve its capacity to

1574
01:16:30,230 --> 01:16:26,940
explore the depths of the universe until

1575
01:16:32,090 --> 01:16:30,240
at least 2014 I think of all the finger

1576
01:16:33,920 --> 01:16:32,100
prints that are all over this thing it's

1577
01:16:36,170 --> 01:16:33,930
a phenomenal piece of machinery it's a

1578
01:16:39,109 --> 01:16:36,180
phenomenal airplane and its really as an

1579
01:16:41,089 --> 01:16:39,119
engineering mark the Space Shuttle will

1580
01:16:43,879 --> 01:16:41,099
go down in history as one of the great

1581
01:16:46,250 --> 01:16:43,889
flying machines that Americas has

1582
01:16:48,229 --> 01:16:46,260
produced a space shuttle you know at

1583
01:16:50,239 --> 01:16:48,239
this time was a vehicle for bringing

1584
01:16:50,689 --> 01:16:50,249
people together from all around the

1585
01:16:53,060 --> 01:16:50,699
planet

1586
01:16:55,100 --> 01:16:53,070
and having us work in harmony for the

1587
01:16:57,020 --> 01:16:55,110
betterment of humankind we may not have

1588
01:16:58,580 --> 01:16:57,030
understood when we first built it what

1589
01:17:01,250 --> 01:16:58,590
all we'd be able to accomplish with it

1590
01:17:02,869 --> 01:17:01,260
and after many years we've realized just

1591
01:17:04,850 --> 01:17:02,879
how useful it has been it's been a

1592
01:17:07,250 --> 01:17:04,860
learning experience on how to operate

1593
01:17:09,859 --> 01:17:07,260
and live in space what can you say about

1594
01:17:10,969 --> 01:17:09,869
the Space Shuttle it has changed

1595
01:17:13,459 --> 01:17:10,979
everything

1596
01:17:16,459 --> 01:17:13,469
well the shuttle from my perspective is

1597
01:17:21,919 --> 01:17:16,469
one of the great things that this nation

1598
01:17:25,250 --> 01:17:21,929
has done it was a lot of pride like I

1599
01:17:28,219 --> 01:17:25,260
said it's it's inspiring to come to work

1600
01:17:38,020 --> 01:17:28,229
every single day to work on this program

1601
01:17:43,880 --> 01:17:41,510
for more than 30 years the fleet of

1602
01:17:46,010 --> 01:17:43,890
thousands of Americans dedicated to its

1603
01:17:48,830 --> 01:17:46,020
safety and success have toiled in

1604
01:17:52,430 --> 01:17:48,840
exhilarating triumph heartbreaking

1605
01:17:55,250 --> 01:17:52,440
tragedy and most often quiet obscurity

1606
01:17:57,820 --> 01:17:55,260
their contributions have extended beyond

1607
01:17:59,990 --> 01:17:57,830
the bounds of space among others

1608
01:18:02,000 --> 01:18:00,000
shuttle-derived technologies have been

1609
01:18:03,620 --> 01:18:02,010
used in developing an artificial heart

1610
01:18:06,260 --> 01:18:03,630
and limbs three-dimensional

1611
01:18:08,480 --> 01:18:06,270
biotechnology a light for treating

1612
01:18:13,370 --> 01:18:08,490
tumors and children and improving crime

1613
01:18:16,510 --> 01:18:13,380
prevention and wildfire detection from

1614
01:18:22,250 --> 01:18:16,520
crawler driver to payload specialist

1615
01:18:25,400 --> 01:18:22,260
from scuba dive to pilot from scientist

1616
01:18:27,590 --> 01:18:25,410
to engineer they and many likely

1617
01:18:32,840 --> 01:18:27,600
throughout the nation share a commitment

1618
01:18:35,000 --> 01:18:32,850
to sending humankind safely into space

1619
01:18:39,070 --> 01:18:35,010
that dedication as much as any other

1620
01:18:42,800 --> 01:18:39,080
acclaim will be the legacy of America's

1621
01:18:46,790 --> 01:18:42,810
space shuttle I think we'll be

1622
01:18:48,560 --> 01:18:46,800
remembered in thousands of years you

1623
01:18:52,430 --> 01:18:48,570
know as perhaps the most incredible

1624
01:18:55,730 --> 01:18:52,440
technological feat of humans of our time

1625
01:18:57,320 --> 01:18:55,740
as is the order of life an ending for

1626
01:19:01,610 --> 01:18:57,330
the Space Shuttle becomes a beginning

1627
01:19:04,520 --> 01:19:01,620
for a space bound successor soon America

1628
01:19:09,419 --> 01:19:04,530
will again send astronauts into orbit

1629
01:19:27,370 --> 01:19:09,429
and beyond to do what NASA does best

1630
01:20:22,520 --> 01:20:04,780
[Music]